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Diodorus Siculus · Bibliotheca Historica §3.5.1-3.5.3

Election of Kings and Customs of Law in Ethiopia

Passage 166 of 406 · Greek

Summary

The passage describes the unique Ethiopian custom of electing kings through a divine oracle, their obligation to rule in accordance with the law, and the practice of self-execution instead of exile for those condemned to death.

§3.5.1τῶν δὲ παρʼ Αἰθίοψι νομίμων οὐκ ὀλίγα δοκεῖ πολὺ τῶν παρὰ τοῖς ἄλλοις διαφέρειν, καὶ μάλιστα τὰ περὶ τὴν αἵρεσιν τῶν βασιλέων.
Not a few of the customs among the Ethiopians seem to differ greatly from those of other nations, and especially those concerning the election of their kings.
οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἱερεῖς ἐξ αὑτῶν τοὺς ἀρίστους προκρίνουσιν, ἐκ δὲ τῶν καταλεχθέντων, ὃν ἂν ὁ θεὸς κωμάζων κατά τινα συνήθειαν περιφερόμενος λάβῃ, τοῦτον τὸ πλῆθος αἱρεῖται βασιλέα·
For the priests pre-select the best from among themselves, and from those who have been thus registered, whichever one the god, as he is carried about in procession according to a certain custom, should seize, this man the multitude elects as king.
εὐθὺς δὲ καὶ προσκυνεῖ καὶ τιμᾷ καθάπερ θεόν, ὡς ὑπὸ τῆς τοῦ δαιμονίου προνοίας ἐγκεχειρισμένης αὐτῷ τῆς ἀρχῆς.
And immediately they both prostrate themselves before him and honor him as a god, on the ground that the sovereignty has been entrusted to him by the providence of the divine power.
§3.5.2ὁ δʼ αἱρεθεὶς διαίτῃ τε χρῆται τῇ τεταγμένῃ κατὰ τοὺς νόμους καὶ τἄλλα πράττει κατὰ τὸ πάτριον ἔθος, οὔτʼ εὐεργεσίαν οὔτε τιμωρίαν ἀπονέμων οὐδενὶ παρὰ τὸ δεδογμένον ἐξ ἀρχῆς παρʼ αὐτοῖς νόμιμον.
And the man who has been elected adopts the mode of life prescribed by the laws and performs his other duties in accordance with ancestral custom, dispensing neither favor nor punishment to anyone contrary to the established custom received from the beginning among them.
ἔθος δʼ αὐτοῖς ἐστι μηδένα τῶν ὑποτεταγμένων θανάτῳ περιβάλλειν, μηδʼ ἂν καταδικασθεὶς ἐπὶ θανάτῳ τις φανῇ τιμωρίας ἄξιος, ἀλλὰ πέμπειν τῶν ὑπηρετῶν τινα σημεῖον ἔχοντα θανάτου πρὸς τὸν παρανενομηκότα·
And it is their custom to put none of their subjects to death, not even if someone, having been condemned to death, should appear worthy of punishment, but they send one of their attendants bearing a sign of death to the lawbreaker.
οὗτος δʼ ἰδὼν τὸ σύσσημον, καὶ παραχρῆμα εἰς τὴν ἰδίαν οἰκίαν ἀπελθών, ἑαυτὸν ἐκ τοῦ ζῆν μεθίστησι.
And this man, upon seeing the signal, immediately retires to his own house and removes himself from life.
φεύγειν δʼ ἐκ τῆς ἰδίας χώρας εἰς τὴν ὅμορον καὶ τῇ μεταστάσει τῆς πατρίδος λύειν τὴν τιμωρίαν, καθάπερ παρὰ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν, οὐδαμῶς συγκεχώρηται.
But to flee from one's own country into a neighboring one and, by changing one's homeland, to escape the punishment, as is the custom among the Greeks, is in no way permitted.
§3.5.3διὸ καί φασί τινα, τοῦ θανατηφόρου σημείου πρὸς αὐτὸν ἀποσταλέντος ὑπὸ τοῦ βασιλέως, ἐπιβαλέσθαι μὲν ἐκ τῆς Αἰθιοπίας φεύγειν, αἰσθομένης δὲ τῆς μητρὸς καὶ τῇ ζώνῃ τὸν τράχηλον αὐτοῦ σφιγγούσης, ταύτῃ μηδὲ καθʼ ἕνα τρόπον τολμῆσαι προσενεγκεῖν τὰς χεῖρας, αὐτὸν δʼ ἀγχόμενον καρτερῆσαι μέχρι τῆς τελευτῆς, ἵνα μὴ τοῖς
Therefore they say that once, when the death-bearing sign had been sent to a certain man by the king, he undertook to flee from Ethiopia, but when his mother perceived this and tightened her girdle around his neck, he did not dare in any way to lay hands upon her, but endured being strangled until his death, so that he might not... to his...

Notes

  1. §3.5.1ὃν ἂν ὁ θεὸς κωμάζων κατά τινα συνήθειαν περιφερόμενος λάβῃ — A relative general conditional clause introduced by the relative pronoun `ὃν` with the indefinite/generalizing particle `ἄν` and the aorist subjunctive `λάβῃ`. The participles `κωμάζων` (reveling, taking part in a festive procession) and `περιφερόμενος` (being carried around) describe the manner of the god's movement, referring to the ritual of oracle consultation where the statue of the deity was carried in a procession.
  2. §3.5.1ὡς ὑπὸ τῆς τοῦ δαιμονίου προνοίας ἐγκεχειρισμένης αὐτῷ τῆς ἀρχῆς — The conjunction `ὡς` is used here with the genitive absolute construction `ἐγκεχειρισμένης ... τῆς ἀρχῆς` to express a subjective reason or belief ("on the ground that...", "under the impression that..."). The subject of the perfect passive participle `ἐγκεχειρισμένης` (having been entrusted) is `τῆς ἀρχῆς` (the sovereignty/rule).
  3. §3.5.2μηδʼ ἂν καταδικασθεὶς ἐπὶ θανάτῳ τις φανῇ τιμωρίας ἄξιος — Here `ἂν` is the contracted form of `ἐάν` (if), which introduces the subjunctive `φανῇ` to form a concessive conditional clause ("not even if someone, having been condemned to death, should appear worthy of punishment"). The participle `καταδικασθεὶς` modifies the subject `τις` circumstantially.
  4. §3.5.3διὸ καί φασί τινα ... ἐπιβαλέσθαι μὲν ἐκ τῆς Αἰθιοπίας φεύγειν — An accusative with infinitive (A.C.I.) construction dependent on `φασί` (they say), where `τινα` (a certain man) is the subject accusative of the infinitive `ἐπιβαλέσθαι` (undertook, attempted). The phrase `τοῦ θανατηφόρου σημείου... ἀποσταλέντος` inserted in between is a genitive absolute expressing time ("when the death-bearing sign had been sent").

Cite this passage

Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica §3.5.1-3.5.3. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.humanitext-grc5:3.5.1-3.5.3

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