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Diodorus Siculus · Bibliotheca Historica §3.50.1-3.50.5

Geography of Cyrene, Desert Vipers, and Aerial Apparitions

Passage 211 of 406 · Greek

Summary

Describes the fertile land near Cyrene, the harsh environment and venomous snakes of the desert, and explains the strange phenomenon of animal-like apparitions in the air.

§3.50.1τῆς δὲ χώρας ἡ μὲν ὅμορος τῇ Κυρήνῃ γεώδης ἐστὶ καὶ πολλοὺς φέρουσα καρπούς· οὐ μόνον γὰρ ὑπάρχει σιτοφόρος, ἀλλὰ καὶ πολλὴν ἄμπελον, ἔτι δʼ ἐλαίαν ἔχει καὶ τὴν ἀγρίαν ὕλην καὶ ποταμοὺς εὐχρηστίαν παρεχομένους·
Of this country, the part adjacent to Cyrene is fertile and bears many fruits; for it is not only grain-producing, but also possesses many vines, and furthermore olives, wild forests, and rivers providing great utility.
ἡ δʼ ὑπὲρ τὸ νότιον μέρος ὑπερτείνουσα, καθʼ ἣν τὸ νίτρον φύεσθαι συμβέβηκεν, ἄσπορος οὖσα καὶ σπανίζουσα ναματιαίων ὑδάτων, τὴν πρόσοψιν ἔχει πελάγει παρεμφερῆ· οὐδεμίαν δὲ παρεχομένη ποικιλίαν κατὰ τὴν ἰδέαν ἐρήμῳ γῇ περιέχεται, τῆς ὑπερκειμένης ἐρήμου δυσέξιτον ἐχούσης τὸ πέρας.
But the part extending beyond the southern region, where it happens that natural soda is produced, being unsuitable for sowing and lacking in spring water, has an appearance resembling the sea; presenting no variety in its aspect, it is surrounded by a desert land, while the desert lying above has a boundary difficult to escape.
§3.50.2διόπερ οὐδʼ ὄρνεον ἰδεῖν ἔστιν, οὐ τετράπουν ἐν αὐτῇ ζῷον πλὴν δορκάδος καὶ βοός, οὐ μὴν οὔτε φυτὸν οὔτʼ ἄλλο τῶν δυναμένων ψυχαγωγῆσαι τὴν ὅρασιν, ὡς ἂν τῆς εἰς μεσόγειον ἀνηκούσης γῆς ἐχούσης ἐπὶ τὸ μῆκος ἀθρόους θῖνας.
For this reason one cannot even see a bird, nor any four-footed animal in it except for the gazelle and the wild ox, nor indeed any plant or anything else of those things capable of delighting the sight, inasmuch as the land extending into the interior has continuous sand dunes throughout its length.
ἐφʼ ὅσον δὲ σπανίζει τῶν πρὸς ἥμερον βίον ἀνηκόντων, ἐπὶ τοσοῦτο πλήθει παντοίων ταῖς ἰδέαις καὶ τοῖς μεγέθεσιν ὄφεων, μάλιστα δὲ τῶν τοιούτων οὓς προσαγορεύουσι κεράστας, οἳ τὰ μὲν δήγματα θανατηφόρα ποιοῦνται, τὴν δὲ χρόαν ἅμμῳ παραπλησίαν ἔχουσι·
But in proportion as it lacks those things belonging to a civilized life, in that degree it abounds with snakes of all kinds in appearance and size, and especially with those which they call horned vipers, which inflict fatal bites and have a color very similar to sand.
§3.50.3διόπερ ἐξωμοιωμένων αὐτῶν κατὰ τὴν πρόσοψιν τοῖς ὑποκειμένοις ἐδάφεσιν ὀλίγοι μὲν ἐπιγινώσκουσιν, οἱ πολλοὶ δʼ ἀγνοοῦντες πατοῦσι καὶ κινδύνοις περιπίπτουσιν ἀπροσδοκήτοις.
Since their appearance is made identical to the underlying ground, few recognize them, but the majority, being unaware, tread upon them and fall into unexpected dangers.
λέγεται δὲ τούτους τὸ παλαιὸν ἐπελθόντας ποτὲ πολλὴν τῆς Αἰγύπτου ποιῆσαι τὴν ὑποκειμένην χώραν ἀοίκητον.
And it is said that in ancient times these snakes once invaded and made a large part of the adjacent country of Egypt uninhabitable.
§3.50.4γίνεται δέ τι θαυμάσιον περί τε ταύτην τὴν χέρσον καὶ τὴν ἐπέκεινα τῆς Σύρτεως Λιβύην.
A wondrous thing also happens regarding this dry land and the Libya beyond the Syrtis.
περὶ γάρ τινας καιροὺς καὶ μάλιστα κατὰ τὰς νηνεμίας συστάσεις ὁρῶνται κατὰ τὸν ἀέρα παντοίων ζῴων ἰδέας ἐμφαίνουσαι· τούτων δʼ αἱ μὲν ἠρεμοῦσιν, αἱ δὲ κίνησιν λαμβάνουσι, καὶ ποτὲ μὲν ὑποφεύγουσι, ποτὲ δὲ διώκουσι, πᾶσαι δὲ τὸ μέγεθος ἄπλατον ἔχουσαι θαυμαστὴν κατάπληξιν καὶ ταραχὴν παρασκευάζουσι τοῖς ἀπείροις.
For at certain times, and especially during calms, aggregates appearing in the air present the shapes of all kinds of animals; of these, some remain still, while others take on movement, and sometimes they flee, and at other times they pursue, and all of them, having an immense size, cause wonderful astonishment and confusion to those who are inexperienced.
§3.50.5αἱ γὰρ ἐπιδιώκουσαι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἐπειδὰν καταλάβωσι, περιχέονται τοῖς σώμασι ψυχραὶ καὶ παλμώδεις, ὥστε τοὺς μὲν ξένους ἀσυνήθεις ὄντας διὰ τὸ δέος ἐκπεπλῆχθαι, τοὺς δʼ ἐγχωρίους πολλάκις συγκεκυρηκότας τοῖς τοιούτοις καταφρονεῖν τοῦ συμβαίνοντος.
For those which pursue people, when they catch up, wrap themselves around their bodies, cold and trembling, so that the strangers, being unaccustomed to them, are struck with terror, while the inhabitants, having often encountered such things, disregard what happens.

Notes

  1. 3.50.1γεώδης ἐστὶ καὶ πολλοὺς φέρουσα καρπούς — The adjective γεώδης and the present participle φέρουσα are coordinated by the conjunction καί to form the predicate of the main clause. This demonstrates the flexibility of Classical Greek, where an adjective and a participle can be coordinated as functionally equivalent predicative elements.
  2. 3.50.1τῆς ὑπερκειμένης ἐρήμου δυσέξιτον ἐχούσης τὸ πέρας — A genitive absolute construction where the noun τῆς ἐρήμου functions as the subject and the present participle ἐχούσης as the predicate. δυσέξιτον (difficult to escape) is a predicative adjective modifying the object τὸ πέρας (boundary).
  3. 3.50.2ὡς ἂν τῆς εἰς μεσόγειον ἀνηκούσης γῆς ἐχούσης ἐπὶ τὸ μῆκος ἀθρόους θῖνας — The conjunction ὡς with the particle ἄν accompanies the participle ἐχούσης (part of a genitive absolute), here presenting either a hypothetical comparison ("as if...") or an objective ground ("inasmuch as..."). It functions as a subordinate modal-causal clause explaining the desolate interior landscape.
  4. 3.50.4συστάσεις ὁρῶνται κατὰ τὸν ἀέρα παντοίων ζῴων ἰδέας ἐμφαίνουσαι — The subject is the feminine plural noun συστάσεις (aggregates, formations), which acts as the subject of the passive verb ὁρῶνται (are seen). The present participle ἐμφαίνουσαι agrees with the subject in gender and number (feminine plural) and governs the object ἰδέας (shapes), describing the nature of these formations.
  5. 3.50.5περιχέονται τοῖς σώμασι ψυχραὶ καὶ παλμώδεις — The adjectives ψυχραὶ καὶ παλμώδεις are used predicatively, agreeing with the subject of the verb περιχέονται (which is αἱ [συστάσεις] ἐπιδιώκουσαι). They impart an adverbial nuance ("being cold and trembling") to the sentence, describing the active state of the formations as they come into contact with human bodies.

Cite this passage

Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica §3.50.1-3.50.5. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.humanitext-grc5:3.50.1-3.50.5

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