§3.35.1ἐπεὶ δὲ τῶν ἐθνῶν καὶ βίων τὰ κεφάλαια τῶν δοκούντων εἶναι παραδόξων διεληλύθαμεν, περὶ τῶν θηρίων τῶν κατὰ τὰς ὑποκειμένας χώρας ἐν μέρει διέξιμεν.
Now that we have traversed the main points of the nations and ways of life that seem to be paradoxical, we shall in turn go through the beasts in the underlying countries.
§3.35.2ἔστι γὰρ ζῷον ὃ καλεῖται μὲν ἀπὸ τοῦ συμβεβηκότος ῥινόκερως, ἀλκῇ δὲ καὶ βίᾳ παραπλήσιον ὂν ἐλέφαντι, τῷ δὲ ὕψει ταπεινότερον, τὴν μὲν δορὰν ἰσχυροτάτην ἔχει, τὴν δὲ χρόαν πυξοειδῆ.
For there is an animal which is called, from its characteristic feature, the rhinoceros; in strength and power it is comparable to the elephant, but in height it is lower, and it has a very strong hide, and its color is like boxwood.
ἐπὶ δʼ ἄκρων τῶν μυκτήρων φέρει κέρας τῷ τύπῳ σιμόν, τῇ δὲ στερεότητι σιδήρῳ παρεμφερές.
Upon the tips of its nostrils it bears a horn, in shape upturned, and in hardness resembling iron.
§3.35.3τοῦτο περὶ τῆς νομῆς ἀεὶ διαφερόμενον ἐλέφαντι τὸ μὲν κέρας πρός τινα τῶν πετρῶν θήγει, συμπεσὸν δʼ εἰς μάχην τῷ προειρημένῳ θηρίῳ καὶ ὑποδῦνον ὑπὸ τὴν κοιλίαν ἀναρρήττει τῷ κέρατι καθάπερ ξίφει τὴν σάρκα.
This animal, always quarreling with the elephant over pasture, sharpens its horn against certain rocks, and joining in battle with the aforementioned beast, it slips under its belly and rips open its flesh with its horn as if with a sword.
τῷ δὲ τοιούτῳ τρόπῳ τῆς μάχης χρώμενον ἔξαιμα ποιεῖ τὰ θηρία καὶ πολλὰ διαφθείρει.
By employing such a method of fighting, it drains the beasts of blood and destroys many.
ὅταν δὲ ὁ ἐλέφας φθάσας τὴν ὑπὸ τὴν κοιλίαν ὑπόδυσιν τῇ προβοσκίδι προκαταλάβηται τὸν ῥινόκερων, περιγίνεται ῥᾳδίως τύπτων τοῖς ὀδοῦσι καὶ τῇ βίᾳ πλέον ἰσχύων.
But when the elephant, anticipating the slipping under its belly, pre-emptively catches the rhinoceros with its trunk, it easily gains the upper hand, striking it with its tusks and prevailing by its superior strength.
§3.35.4αἱ δὲ σφίγγες γίνονται μὲν περί τε τὴν Τρωγλοδυτικὴν καὶ τὴν Αἰθιοπίαν, ταῖς δὲ μορφαῖς ὑπάρχουσιν οὐκ ἀνόμοιοι ταῖς γραφομέναις, μόνον δὲ ταῖς δασύτησι διαλλάττουσι, τὰς δὲ ψυχὰς ἡμέρους ἔχουσαι καὶ πανούργους ἐπὶ πλέον καὶ διδασκαλίαν μεθοδικὴν ἐπιδέχονται.
And sphinxes are bred in the Troglodyte country and Ethiopia, and in their shapes they are not unlike those depicted in art, differing only in their hairiness; and possessing gentle and highly crafty dispositions, they even submit to systematic training.
§3.35.5οἱ δʼ ὀνομαζόμενοι κυνοκέφαλοι τοῖς μὲν σώμασιν ἀνθρώποις δυσειδέσι παρεμφερεῖς εἰσι, ταῖς δὲ φωναῖς μυγμοὺς ἀνθρωπίνους προΐενται.
The animals named dog-headed (cynocephali) are in their bodies similar to ugly men, and in their voices they emit sounds like human whimpers.
ἀγριώτατα δὲ ταῦτα τὰ ζῷα καὶ παντελῶς ἀτιθάσευτα καθεστῶτα τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν ὀφρύων πρόσοψιν αὐστηροτέραν ἔχει.
These animals are extremely wild and entirely untamable, having a rather grim facial appearance from their eyebrows down.
ταῖς δὲ θηλείαις ἰδιώτατον συμβαίνει τὸ τὴν μήτραν ἐκτὸς τοῦ σώματος φέρειν πάντα τὸν χρόνον.
And in the case of the females, a most peculiar thing occurs: they bear their womb outside their body at all times.
§3.35.6ὁ δὲ λεγόμενος κῆπος ὠνόμασται μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς περὶ τὸν ὄγκον ὅλον ὡραίας καὶ προσηνοῦς ἡλικίας, τὸ δὲ πρόσωπον ἔχων ὅμοιον λέοντι τὸ λοιπὸν σῶμα φέρει πάνθηρι παραπλήσιον, πλὴν τοῦ μεγέθους, ὃ παρισοῦται δορκάδι.
The animal called cepus (kēpos) is named after the beautiful and pleasing appearance of its entire body, and while it has a face like a lion, it bears the rest of its body similar to a panther, except for its size, which is equal to that of a gazelle.
§3.35.7πάντων δὲ τῶν εἰρημένων ζῴων ὁ σαρκοφάγος ταῦρος ἀγριώτατός ἐστι καὶ παντελῶς δυσκαταμάχητος.
Of all the aforementioned animals, the flesh-eating bull is the wildest and altogether hardest to overcome.
τῷ μὲν γὰρ ὄγκῳ τοῦτο μεῖζόν ἐστι τῶν ἡμέρων ταύρων, ὀξύτητι δὲ ποδῶν οὐ λειπόμενον ἵππου, τῷ στόματι δὲ διεστηκὸς ἄχρι τῶν ὤτων.
For in size this is larger than domestic bulls, in swiftness of foot not falling behind a horse, and with its mouth split as far as its ears.
τὸ δὲ χρῶμα πυρρὸν ἔχει καθʼ ὑπερβολήν, καὶ τὰ μὲν ὄμματα γλαυκότερα λέοντος καὶ τὰς νύκτας ἀστράπτοντα, τὰ δὲ κέρατα φύσεως ἰδιοτρόπου κοινωνοῦντα· τὸν μὲν γὰρ ἄλλον χρόνον αὐτὰ κινεῖ παραπλησίως τοῖς ὠσί, κατὰ δὲ τὰς μάχας ἵστησιν ἀραρότως.
Its color is extremely red, and its eyes are more fierce than a lion's and flash in the night, and its horns possess a peculiar nature; for at other times it moves them similarly to its ears, but in battles it holds them firmly fixed.
τὴν δὲ τῆς τριχὸς ἐπαγωγὴν ἔχει τοῖς ἄλλοις ζῴοις ἐναντίαν.
And it has the growth of its hair contrary to that of other animals.
§3.35.8ἔστι δὲ τὸ θηρίον ἀλκῇ τε καὶ δυνάμει διάφορον, ὡς ἂν ἐπιτιθέμενον τοῖς ἀλκιμωτάτοις τῶν ζῴων καὶ τὴν τροφὴν ἔχον ἐκ τῆς τῶν χειρωθέντων σαρκοφαγίας.
The beast is outstanding in strength and power, as one that attacks the strongest of animals and gets its nourishment from eating the flesh of those it has subdued.
διαφθείρει δὲ καὶ τὰς ποίμνας τῶν ἐγχωρίων, καὶ καταπληκτικῶς ἀγωνίζεται πρὸς ὅλα συστήματα τῶν ποιμένων καὶ κυνῶν ἀγέλας.
It also destroys the flocks of the inhabitants, and fights in a terrifying manner against entire groups of shepherds and packs of dogs.
§3.35.9λέγεται δὲ καὶ τὸ δέρμα ἄτρωτον ἔχειν· πολλῶν γοῦν ἐπιβεβλημένων λαβεῖν ὑποχείριον μηδένα κατισχυκέναι.
It is also said to have an invulnerable skin; at any rate, though many have attempted to bring it under their control, no one has prevailed.
τὸ δʼ εἰς ὄρυγμα πεσὸν ἢ διʼ ἄλλης ἀπάτης χειρωθὲν ὑπὸ τοῦ θυμοῦ γίνεται περιπνιγές, καὶ τῆς ἐλευθερίας οὐδαμῶς ἀλλάττεται τὴν ἐν τῷ τιθασεύεσθαι φιλανθρωπίαν.
When it has fallen into a pit or has been subdued by some other trick, it suffocates itself out of rage, and in no way exchanges its freedom for the kind treatment received in domestication.
διόπερ εἰκότως οἱ Τρωγλοδύται τοῦτο τὸ θηρίον κράτιστον κρίνουσιν, ὡς ἂν τῆς φύσεως αὐτῷ δεδωρημένης ἀλκὴν μὲν λέοντος, ἵππου δὲ τάχος, ῥώμην δὲ ταύρου, τῆς δὲ πάντων κρατίστης σιδήρου φύσεως οὐχ ἡττώμενον.
Therefore, reasonably, the Troglodytes judge this beast to be the strongest, as one to which nature has gifted the strength of a lion, the swiftness of a horse, and the power of a bull, and which is not defeated by the nature of iron, which is the strongest of all.
§3.35.10ὁ δὲ λεγόμενος παρʼ Αἰθίοψι κροκόττας μεμιγμένην μὲν ἔχει φύσιν κυνὸς καὶ λύκου, τὴν δʼ ἀγριότητα φοβερωτέραν ἀμφοτέρων, τοῖς δὲ ὀδοῦσι πάντων ὑπεράγει· πᾶν γὰρ ὀστῶν μέγεθος συντρίβει ῥᾳδίως.
The animal called crocottas among the Ethiopians has a nature mixed of dog and wolf, but a wildness more terrible than both, and in its teeth it surpasses all; for it easily crushes any size of bone.
καὶ τὸ καταποθὲν διὰ τῆς κοιλίας πέττει παραδόξως· τοῦτο δὲ τὸ ζῷον τῶν ψευδῶς παραδοξολογούντων ἱστοροῦντες ἔνιοι μιμεῖσθαι τὴν τῶν ἀνθρώπων διάλεκτον ἡμᾶς μὲν οὐ πείθουσιν.
And what is swallowed it digests through its stomach in a marvelous way; but some of those who falsely tell of wonders, recording that this animal mimics the speech of men, do not convince us.