§2.48.1τούτων δʼ ἡμῖν διευκρινημένων μεταβιβάσομεν τὸν λόγον ἐπὶ τὰ ἕτερα μέρη τῆς Ἀσίας τὰ μὴ τετευχότα τῆς ἀναγραφῆς, καὶ μάλιστα τὰ κατὰ τὴν Ἀραβίαν.
Now that these matters have been cleared up by us, we shall transfer our account to the other parts of Asia which have not received a description, and especially to the regions around Arabia.
αὕτη γὰρ κεῖται μὲν μεταξὺ Συρίας καὶ τῆς Αἰγύπτου, πολλοῖς δὲ καὶ παντοδαποῖς ἔθνεσι διείληπται.
For this land lies between Syria and Egypt, and is divided among many and diverse peoples.
τὰ μὲν οὖν πρὸς τὴν ἕω μέρη κατοικοῦσιν Ἄραβες οὓς ὀνομάζουσι Ναβαταίους, νεμόμενοι χώραν τὴν μὲν ἔρημον, τὴν δὲ ἄνυδρον, ὀλίγην δὲ καρποφόρον.
Now, the parts toward the east are inhabited by the Arabs who are named Nabataeans, who possess a land that is partly desert, partly waterless, and only in small part fruitful.
§2.48.2ἔχουσι δὲ βίον λῃστρικόν, καὶ πολλὴν τῆς ὁμόρου χώρας κατατρέχοντες λῃστεύουσιν, ὄντες δύσμαχοι κατὰ τοὺς πολέμους.
They lead a life of brigandage, and overrunning much of the neighboring land they plunder it, being difficult to overcome in war.
κατὰ γὰρ τὴν ἄνυδρον χώραν λεγομένην κατεσκευακότες εὔκαιρα φρέατα, καὶ ταῦτα πεποιηκότες τοῖς ἀλλοεθνέσιν ἄγνωστα, συμφεύγουσιν εἰς τὴν χώραν ταύτην ἀκινδύνως.
For in the region called the waterless land, they have constructed convenient wells, and having made these unknown to other peoples, they flee together into this land without danger.
§2.48.3αὐτοὶ μὲν γὰρ εἰδότες τὰ κατακεκρυμμένα τῶν ὑδάτων, καὶ ταῦτʼ ἀνοίγοντες, χρῶνται δαψιλέσι ποτοῖς· οἱ δὲ τούτους ἐπιδιώκοντες ἀλλοεθνεῖς σπανίζοντες τῆς ὑδρείας διὰ τὴν ἄγνοιαν τῶν φρεάτῶν, οἱ μὲν ἀπόλλυνται διὰ τὴν σπάνιν τῶν ὑδάτων, οἱ δὲ πολλὰ κακοπαθήσαντες μόγις εἰς τὴν οἰκείαν σώζονται.
For they themselves, knowing the hidden sources of water and opening them, enjoy abundant drink; but the foreigners who pursue them, being in want of water-supply because of their ignorance of the wells, partly perish because of the scarcity of water, and partly, after suffering many hardships, escape with difficulty to their own land.
§2.48.4διόπερ οἱ ταύτην τὴν χώραν κατοικοῦντες Ἄραβες, ὄντες δυσκαταπολέμητοι, διατελοῦσιν ἀδούλωτοι, πρὸς δὲ τούτοις ἔπηλυν μὲν ἡγεμόνα τὸ παράπαν οὐ προσδέχονται, διατελοῦσι δὲ τὴν ἐλευθερίαν διαφυλάττοντες ἀσάλευτον.
For this reason the Arabs who inhabit this land, being difficult to conquer, continue unsubdued, and furthermore, they do not accept any foreign ruler at all, but continue preserving their freedom unshaken.
§2.48.5διόπερ οὔτʼ Ἀσσύριοι τὸ παλαιὸν οὔθʼ οἱ Μήδων καὶ Περσῶν, ἔτι δὲ Μακεδόνων βασιλεῖς ἠδυνήθησαν αὐτοὺς καταδουλώσασθαι, πολλὰς μὲν καὶ μεγάλας δυνάμεις ἐπʼ αὐτοὺς ἀγαγόντες, οὐδέποτε δὲ τὰς ἐπιβολὰς συντελέσαντες.
Therefore, neither the Assyrians of old nor the kings of the Medes and Persians, nor yet those of the Macedonians, were able to enslave them, though they led many great forces against them, but they never brought their enterprises to completion.
§2.48.6ἔστι δʼ ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῶν Ναβαταίων καὶ πέτρα καθʼ ὑπερβολὴν ὀχυρά, μίαν ἀνάβασιν ἔχουσα, διʼ ἧς κατʼ ὀλίγους ἀναβαίνοντες ἀποτίθενται τὰς ἀποσκευάς· λίμνη τε μεγάλη φέρουσα πολλὴν ἄσφαλτον, ἐξ ἧς λαμβάνουσιν οὐκ ὀλίγας προσόδους.
There is also in the land of the Nabataeans a rock which is exceedingly strong, having but one ascent, by which they go up in small numbers and deposit their possessions; and a great lake which produces much asphalt, from which they receive no small revenues.
§2.48.7αὕτη δʼ ἔχει τὸ μὲν μῆκος σταδίων ὡς πεντακοσίων, τὸ δὲ πλάτος ὡς ἑξήκοντα, τὸ δʼ ὕδωρ δυσῶδες καὶ διάπικρον, ὥστε μὴ δύνασθαι μήτʼ ἰχθῦν τρέφειν μήτʼ ἄλλο τῶν καθʼ ὕδατος εἰωθότων ζῴων εἶναι.
This lake has a length of about five hundred stades, and a width of about sixty, and its water is foul-smelling and very bitter, so that it is able neither to support fish nor any other of the animals accustomed to live in water.
ἐμβαλλόντων δʼ εἰς αὐτὴν ποταμῶν μεγάλων τῇ γλυκύτητι διαφόρων, τούτων μὲν περιγίνεται κατὰ τὴν δυσωδίαν, ἐξ αὑτῆς δὲ μέσης κατʼ ἐνιαυτὸν ἐκφυσᾷ ἀσφάλτου μέγεθος ποτὲ μὲν μεῖζον ἢ τρίπλεθρον, ἔστι δʼ ὅτε δυοῖν πλέθρων· ἐφʼ ᾧ δὴ συνήθως οἱ περιοικοῦντες βάρβαροι τὸ μὲν μεῖζον καλοῦσι ταῦρον, τὸ δʼ ἔλαττον μόσχον ἐπονομάζουσιν. §2.48.8ἐπιπλεούσης δὲ τῆς ἀσφάλτου πελαγίας ὁ τύπος φαίνεται τοῖς ἐξ ἀποστήματος θεωροῦσιν οἱονεὶ νῆσος.
Although great rivers, outstanding in sweetness, empty into it, the lake overcomes them by its foul smell, and from its very center each year it belches up a mass of asphalt, sometimes larger than three plethra, and sometimes of two plethra; wherefore the neighboring barbarians are accustomed to call the larger mass a "bull" and to name the smaller one a "calf." When the asphalt floats on the sea, its shape appears to those who view it from a distance like an island.
τὴν δʼ ἔκπτωσιν τῆς ἀσφάλτου συμβαίνει φανερὰν γίνεσθαι τοῖς ἀνθρώποις πρὸ ἡμερῶν εἴκοσι· κύκλῳ γὰρ τῆς λίμνης ἐπὶ πολλοὺς σταδίους ὀσμὴ προσπίπτει μετὰ πνεύματος, καὶ πᾶς ὁ περὶ τὸν τόπον ἄργυρός τε καὶ χρυσὸς καὶ χαλκὸς ἀποβάλλει τὴν ἰδιότητα τοῦ χρώματος.
And it happens that the emission of the asphalt becomes manifest to people twenty days before it occurs; for all around the lake for many stades a smell falls upon them with the wind, and all the silver, gold, and bronze in the neighborhood loses its characteristic color.
ἀλλʼ αὕτη μὲν ἀποκαθίσταται πάλιν, ἐπειδὰν ἀναφυσηθῆναι συμβῇ πᾶσαν τὴν ἄσφαλτον· ὁ δὲ πλησίον τόπος ἔμπυρος ὢν καὶ δυσώδης ποιεῖ τὰ σώματα τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐπίνοσα καὶ παντελῶς ὀλιγοχρόνια.
But this is restored again as soon as all the asphalt has been blown up; and the neighboring region, being fiery and foul-smelling, makes the bodies of the people diseased and entirely short-lived.
§2.48.9ἀγαθὴ δʼ ἐστὶ φοινικόφυτος ὅσην αὐτῆς συμβαίνει ποταμοῖς διειλῆφθαι χρησίμοις ἢ πηγαῖς δυναμέναις ἀρδεύειν.
But the land is good and planted with palms, as much of it as happens to be divided by useful rivers or springs capable of irrigating it.
γίνεται δὲ περὶ τοὺς τόπους ἐν αὐλῶνί τινι καὶ τὸ καλούμενον βάλσαμον, ἐξ οὗ πρόσοδον ἁδρὰν λαμβάνουσιν, οὐδαμοῦ μὲν τῆς ἄλλης οἰκουμένης εὑρισκομένου τοῦ φυτοῦ τούτου, τῆς δʼ ἐξ αὐτοῦ χρείας εἰς φάρμακα τοῖς ἰατροῖς καθʼ ὑπερβολὴν εὐθετούσης.
And there is produced in these regions, in a certain valley, the so-called balsam, from which they receive a rich revenue, since this plant is found nowhere else in the inhabited world, and the use derived from it for medicines is exceedingly well suited for physicians.