§2.37.1ἔχει δὲ καὶ ποταμοὺς ἡ χώρα τῶν Ἰνδῶν πολλοὺς καὶ μεγάλους πλωτούς, οἳ τὰς πηγὰς ἔχοντες ἐν τοῖς ὄρεσι τοῖς πρὸς τὰς ἄρκτους κεκλιμένοις φέρονται διὰ τῆς πεδιάδος, ὧν οὐκ ὀλίγοι συμμίσγοντες ἀλλήλοις ἐμβάλλουσιν εἰς ποταμὸν τὸν ὀνομαζόμενον Γάγγην.
The country of the Indians also has many and large navigable rivers, which, having their sources in the mountains that slope towards the north, flow through the plain; no small number of these, uniting with one another, empty into the river called the Ganges.
§2.37.2οὗτος δὲ τὸ πλάτος γινόμενος σταδίων τριάκοντα φέρεται μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς ἄρκτου πρὸς μεσημβρίαν, ἐξερεύγεται δʼ εἰς τὸν ὠκεανόν, ἀπολαμβάνων εἰς τὸ πρὸς ἕω μέρος τὸ ἔθνος τὸ τῶν Γανδαριδῶν, πλείστους ἔχον καὶ μεγίστους ἐλέφαντας.
This river, becoming thirty stades in width, flows from the north towards the south and empties into the ocean, enclosing on the eastern side the nation of the Gandaridae, which possesses the greatest number and the largest elephants.
§2.37.3διὸ καὶ τῆς χώρας ταύτης οὐδεὶς πώποτε βασιλεὺς ἔπηλυς ἐκράτησε, πάντων τῶν ἀλλοεθνῶν φοβουμένων τό τε πλῆθος καὶ τὴν ἀλκὴν τῶν θηρίων.
For this reason, no foreign king has ever conquered this country, as all foreign nations fear both the multitude and the strength of these beasts.
καὶ γὰρ Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μακεδὼν ἁπάσης τῆς Ἀσίας κρατήσας μόνους τοὺς Γανδαρίδας οὐκ ἐπολέμησε· καταντήσας γὰρ ἐπὶ τὸν Γάγγην ποταμὸν μετὰ πάσης τῆς δυνάμεως, καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους Ἰνδοὺς καταπολεμήσας, ὡς ἐπύθετο τοὺς Γανδαρίδας ἔχειν τετρακισχιλίους ἐλέφαντας πολεμικῶς κεκοσμημένους, ἀπέγνω τὴν ἐπʼ αὐτοὺς στρατείαν.
Indeed, even Alexander the Macedonian, having conquered the whole of Asia, did not wage war against the Gandaridae alone; for having arrived at the Ganges river with all his forces, and having subdued the other Indians, when he learned that the Gandaridae possessed four thousand elephants equipped for war, he abandoned his expedition against them.
§2.37.4ὁ δὲ παραπλήσιος τῷ Γάγγῃ ποταμός, προσαγορευόμενος δὲ Ἰνδός, ἄρχεται μὲν ὁμοίως ἀπὸ τῶν ἄρκτων, ἐμβάλλων δὲ εἰς τὸν ὠκεανὸν ἀφορίζει τὴν Ἰνδικήν· πολλὴν δὲ διεξιὼν πεδιάδα χώραν δέχεται ποταμοὺς οὐκ ὀλίγους πλωτούς, ἐπιφανεστάτους δʼ Ὕπανιν καὶ Ὑδάσπην καὶ Ἀκεσῖνον.
The river similar to the Ganges, which is called the Indus, likewise starts from the north, and by emptying into the ocean, defines the boundary of India; passing through a vast plain, it receives no small number of navigable rivers, the most famous of which are the Hypanis, the Hydaspes, and the Acesines.
§2.37.5χωρὶς δὲ τούτων ἄλλο πλῆθος ποταμῶν παντοδαπῶν διαρρεῖ καὶ ποιεῖ κατάφυτον πολλοῖς κηπεύμασι καὶ καρποῖς παντοδαποῖς τὴν χώραν.
Apart from these, another multitude of all kinds of rivers flows through the land and makes it thickly planted with many garden crops and fruits of every description.
τοῦ δὲ κατὰ τοὺς ποταμοὺς πλήθους καὶ τῆς τῶν ὑδάτων ὑπερβολῆς αἰτίαν φέρουσιν οἱ παρʼ αὐτοῖς φιλόσοφοι καὶ φυσικοὶ τοιαύτην· §2.37.6τῆς Ἰνδικῆς φασι τὰς περικειμένας χώρας, τήν τε Σκυθῶν καὶ Βακτριανῶν, ἔτι δὲ καὶ τῶν Ἀριανῶν, ὑψηλοτέρας εἶναι τῆς Ἰνδικῆς, ὥστʼ εὐλόγως εἰς τὴν ὑποκειμένην χώραν πανταχόθεν συρρεούσας τὰς λιβάδας ἐκ τοῦ κατʼ ὀλίγον ποιεῖν τοὺς τόπους καθύγρους καὶ γεννᾶν ποταμῶν πλῆθος.
For the multitude of rivers and the abundance of waters, the philosophers and naturalists among them offer the following explanation: They say that the surrounding countries of India, namely those of the Scythians and Bactrians, and furthermore of the Arians, are higher than India, so that naturally the waters flowing together from all sides into the low-lying country gradually make the regions very damp and generate a multitude of rivers.
§2.37.7ἴδιον δέ τι συμβαίνει περί τινα τῶν κατὰ τὴν Ἰνδικὴν ποταμῶν τὸν ὀνομαζόμενον Σίλλαν, ῥέοντα δʼ ἔκ τινος ὁμωνύμου κρήνης· ἐπὶ γὰρ τούτου μόνου τῶν ἁπάντων ποταμῶν οὐδὲν τῶν ἐμβαλλομένων εἰς αὐτὸν ἐπιπλεῖ, πάντα δʼ εἰς τὸν βυθὸν καταδύεται παραδόξως.
A peculiar thing happens concerning one of the rivers in India, called the Sillas, which flows from a spring of the same name; for upon this river alone of all, nothing of the things thrown into it floats, but everything, strangely enough, sinks to the bottom.