§2.32.1ἐπεὶ δὲ διαφωνοῦσιν οἱ παλαιότατοι τῶν συγγραφέων περὶ τῆς μεγίστης τῶν Μήδων ἡγεμονίας, οἰκεῖον εἶναι διαλαμβάνομεν τοῖς φιλαλήθως τὰς πράξεις ἱστορεῖν βουλομένοις τὴν διαφορὰν τῶν ἱστοριογράφων παρʼ ἄλληλα θεῖναι.
Since the most ancient of the writers disagree concerning the greatest empire of the Medes, we judge it appropriate for those who wish to record history in a truth-loving manner to set the differences of the historians side by side.
§2.32.2Ἡρόδοτος μὲν οὖν κατὰ Ξέρξην γεγονὼς τοῖς χρόνοις φησὶν Ἀσσυρίους ἔτη πεντακόσια πρότερον τῆς Ἀσίας ἄρξαντας ὑπὸ Μήδων καταλυθῆναι, ἔπειτα βασιλέα μὲν μηδένα γενέσθαι τὸν ἀμφισβητήσοντα τῶν ὅλων ἐπὶ πολλὰς γενεάς, τὰς δὲ πόλεις καθʼ ἑαυτὰς ταττομένας διοικεῖσθαι δημοκρατικῶς· τὸ δὲ τελευταῖον πολλῶν ἐτῶν διελθόντων αἱρεθῆναι βασιλέα παρὰ τοῖς Μήδοις ἄνδρα δικαιοσύνῃ διάφορον, ὄνομα Κυαξάρην.
Now Herodotus, who lived in the times of Xerxes, says that the Assyrians, having ruled Asia for five hundred years, were destroyed by the Medes, and then that for many generations there was no king to dispute the supreme power, but that the cities, organizing themselves on their own, were governed democratically; but at last, after many years had passed, a man preeminent in justice, by name Cyaxares, was chosen king among the Medes.
§2.32.3τοῦτον δὲ πρῶτον ἐπιχειρῆσαι προσάγεσθαι τοὺς πλησιοχώρους, καὶ τοῖς Μήδοις ἀρχηγὸν γενέσθαι τῆς τῶν ὅλων ἡγεμονίας· ἔπειτα τοὺς ἐκγόνους ἀεὶ προσκατακτωμένους πολλὴν τῆς ὁμόρου χώρας αὐξῆσαι τὴν βασιλείαν μέχρι Ἀστυάγους τοῦ καταπολεμηθέντος ὑπὸ Κύρου καὶ Περσῶν.
And they say that this man was the first to attempt to bring his neighbors into subjection, and became for the Medes the founder of their supreme empire; then his descendants, always acquiring more of the neighboring country, increased the kingdom until Astyages, who was conquered by Cyrus and the Persians.
περὶ ὧν νῦν ἡμεῖς τὰ κεφάλαια προειρηκότες τὰ κατὰ μέρος ὕστερον ἀκριβῶς ἀναγράψομεν, ἐπειδὰν ἐπὶ τοὺς οἰκείους χρόνους ἐπιβάλωμεν· κατὰ γὰρ τὸ δεύτερον ἔτος τῆς ἑπτακαιδεκάτης ὀλυμπιάδος ᾑρέθη βασιλεὺς ὑπὸ Μήδων Κυαξάρης καθʼ Ἡρόδοτον.
Concerning these we have now spoken of the main points, and we shall later record the details accurately when we arrive at the proper times; for according to Herodotus, Cyaxares was chosen king by the Medes in the second year of the seventeenth Olympiad.
§2.32.4Κτησίας δὲ ὁ Κνίδιος τοῖς μὲν χρόνοις ὑπῆρξε κατὰ τὴν Κύρου στρατείαν ἐπὶ Ἀρταξέρξην τὸν ἀδελφόν, γενόμενος δʼ αἰχμάλωτος, καὶ διὰ τὴν ἰατρικὴν ἐπιστήμην ἀναληφθεὶς ὑπὸ τοῦ βασιλέως, ἑπτακαίδεκα ἔτη διετέλεσε τιμώμενος ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ.
But Ctesias of Cnidus belonged in his times to the period of Cyrus’s expedition against his brother Artaxerxes, and having been taken prisoner, and being taken into service by the king because of his medical knowledge, he continued to be honored by him for seventeen years.
οὗτος οὖν φησιν ἐκ τῶν βασιλικῶν διφθερῶν, ἐν αἷς οἱ Πέρσαι τὰς παλαιὰς πράξεις κατά τινα νόμον εἶχον συντεταγμένας, πολυπραγμονῆσαι τὰ καθʼ ἕκαστον καὶ συνταξάμενος τὴν ἱστορίαν εἰς τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἐξενεγκεῖν.
This man, therefore, says that from the royal parchments, in which the Persians kept their ancient deeds compiled according to a certain law, he made a careful inquiry into each matter, and having composed his history, he published it to the Greeks.
§2.32.5φησὶν οὖν μετὰ τὴν κατάλυσιν τῆς Ἀσσυρίων ἡγεμονίας Μήδους προστῆναι τῆς Ἀσίας Ἀρβάκου βασιλεύοντος τοῦ Σαρδανάπαλλον καταπολεμήσαντος, §2.32.6καθότι προείρηται.
He says, then, that after the dissolution of the Assyrian empire, the Medes took the lead of Asia when Arbaces was king, who had conquered Sardanapallus, just as has been said before.
τούτου δʼ ἄρξαντος ἔτη δυσὶ λείποντα τῶν τριάκοντα διαδέξασθαι τὴν βασιλείαν τὸν υἱὸν Μαυδάκην, ὃν ἄρξαι τῆς Ἀσίας ἔτη πεντήκοντα.
And after this man had ruled for thirty years less two, his son Maudaces succeeded to the kingdom, who ruled Asia for fifty years.
μετὰ δὲ τοῦτον τριάκοντα μὲν ἔτη βασιλεῦσαι Σώσαρμον, πεντήκοντα δὲ Ἀρτύκαν, δύο δὲ πρὸς τοῖς εἴκοσι τὸν προσαγορευόμενον Ἀρβιάνην, τετταράκοντα δὲ Ἀρταῖον.
And after him Sosarmus ruled for thirty years, Artycas for fifty, the one called Arbianes for twenty-two, and Artaeus for forty.