§1.72.1καὶ τὰ μετὰ τὴν τελευτὴν δὲ γινόμενα τῶν βασιλέων παρὰ τοῖς Αἰγυπτίοις οὐ μικρὰν ἀπόδειξιν εἶχε τῆς τοῦ πλήθους εὐνοίας εἰς τοὺς ἡγουμένους· εἰς ἀνεπαίσθητον γὰρ χάριν ἡ τιμὴ τιθεμένη μαρτυρίαν ἀνόθευτον περιεῖχε τῆς ἀληθείας.
And what took place after the death of the kings among the Egyptians provided no small proof of the goodwill of the multitude toward their rulers; for honor paid to one who can no longer perceive it contained an unadulterated testimony to the truth.
§1.72.2ὁπότε γὰρ ἐκλείποι τις τὸν βίον τῶν βασιλέων, πάντες οἱ κατὰ τὴν Αἴγυπτον κοινὸν ἀνῃροῦντο πένθος, καὶ τὰς μὲν ἐσθῆτας κατερρήττοντο, τὰ δʼ ἱερὰ συνέκλειον καὶ τὰς θυσίας ἐπεῖχον καὶ τὰς ἑορτὰς οὐκ ἦγον ἐφʼ ἡμέρας ἑβδομήκοντα καὶ δύο· καταπεπλασμένοι δὲ τὰς κεφαλὰς πηλῷ καὶ περιεζωσμένοι σινδόνας ὑποκάτω τῶν μαστῶν ὁμοίως ἄνδρες καὶ γυναῖκες περιῇσαν ἀθροισθέντες κατὰ διακοσίους ἢ τριακοσίους, καὶ τὸν μὲν θρῆνον ἐν ῥυθμῷ μετʼ ᾠδῆς ποιούμενοι δὶς τῆς ἡμέρας ἐτίμων ἐγκωμίοις, ἀνακαλούμενοι τὴν ἀρετὴν τοῦ τετελευτηκότος, τροφὴν δʼ οὔτε τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν ἐμψύχων οὔτε τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ πυροῦ προσεφέροντο, τοῦ τε οἴνου καὶ πάσης πολυτελείας ἀπείχοντο.
For whenever any of the kings departed this life, all the people throughout Egypt would enter into a common mourning, and they would tear their garments, close the temples, suspend sacrifices, and hold no festivals for seventy-two days; and with their heads smeared with mud and wrapped in linen cloths below their breasts, men and women alike, gathered in groups of two or three hundred, would go about, and making their lamentation in rhythm with song twice a day, they honored the deceased with praises, recalling his virtue, and they partook of food neither from living creatures nor from wheat, and abstained from wine and every luxury.
§1.72.3οὐδεὶς δʼ ἂν οὔτε λουτροῖς οὔτʼ ἀλείμμασιν οὔτε στρωμναῖς προείλετο χρῆσθαι, οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ πρὸς τὰ ἀφροδίσια προσελθεῖν ἂν ἐτόλμησεν, ἀλλὰ καθάπερ ἀγαπητοῦ τέκνου τελευτήσαντος ἕκαστος περιώδυνος γινόμενος ἐπένθει τὰς εἰρημένας ἡμέρας.
And no one would choose to use baths, or ointments, or bedding, nor indeed would anyone dare to approach sexual pleasures, but as though a beloved child had died, each one, becoming deeply grieved, mourned during the aforementioned days.
§1.72.4ἐν δὲ τούτῳ τῷ χρόνῳ τὰ πρὸς ταφὴν λαμπρῶς παρεσκευασμένοι, καὶ τῇ τελευταίᾳ τῶν ἡμερῶν θέντες τὴν τὸ σῶμα ἔχουσαν λάρνακα πρὸ τῆς εἰς τὸν τάφον εἰσόδου, προετίθεσαν κατὰ νόμον τῷ τετελευτηκότι κριτήριον τῶν ἐν τῷ βίῳ πραχθέντων.
And during this time, having magnificently prepared everything for the burial, and on the last of the days, having placed the coffin containing the body before the entrance to the tomb, they would set forth according to the law a trial for the deceased concerning the deeds performed in his life.
§1.72.5δοθείσης δʼ ἐξουσίας τῷ βουλομένῳ κατηγορεῖν, οἱ μὲν ἱερεῖς ἐνεκωμίαζον ἕκαστα τῶν καλῶς αὐτῷ πραχθέντων διεξιόντες, αἰ δὲ πρὸς τὴν ἐκφορὰν συνηγμέναι μυριάδες τῶν ὄχλων ἀκούουσαι συνεπευφήμουν, εἰ τύχοι καλῶς βεβιωκώς, εἰ §1.72.6δὲ μή, τοὐναντίον ἐθορύβουν.
And permission being given to anyone who wished to accuse him, the priests would praise him, recounting each of the noble deeds he had performed, and the tens of thousands of the crowd gathered for the funeral, upon hearing this, would join in acclaiming him, if he happened to have lived well, but if not, on the contrary, they would raise a clamor.
καὶ πολλοὶ τῶν βασιλέων διὰ τὴν τοῦ πλήθους ἐναντίωσιν ἀπεστερήθησαν τῆς ἐμφανοῦς καὶ νομίμου ταφῆς· διὸ καὶ συνέβαινε τοὺς τὴν βασιλείαν διαδεχομένους μὴ μόνον διὰ τὰς ἄρτι ῥηθείσας αἰτίας δικαιοπραγεῖν, ἀλλὰ καὶ διὰ τὸν φόβον τῆς μετὰ τὴν τελευτὴν ἐσομένης ὕβρεώς τε τοῦ σώματος καὶ βλασφημίας εἰς ἅπαντα τὸν αἰῶνα.
And many of the kings, because of the opposition of the multitude, were deprived of a public and lawful burial; wherefore it also resulted that those who succeeded to the kingship practiced justice not only for the reasons just mentioned, but also through fear of the outrage to their body and the ill repute that would follow after their death for all time.
τῶν μὲν οὖν περὶ τοὺς ἀρχαίους βασιλεῖς νομίμων τὰ μέγιστα ταῦτʼ ἔστιν.
These, then, are the most important of the customs concerning the ancient kings.