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Diodorus Siculus · Bibliotheca Historica §1.62.1-1.62.6

King Cetes' Shape-Shifting Lore and Remphis' Wealth

Passage 63 of 406 · Greek

Summary

Diodorus explains how Cetes (Proneus), elected king after five generations of anarchy, became the model for the Greek myth of shape-shifting due to his knowledge of nature and royal customs, and describes his covetous son Remphis who amassed immense wealth.

§1.62.1μετὰ δὲ τὴν τοῦ βασιλέως τούτου τελευτὴν ἐπὶ γενεὰς πέντε γενομένης ἀναρχίας τῶν ἀδόξων τις ᾑρέθη βασιλεύς, ὃν Αἰγύπτιοι μὲν ὀνομάζουσι Κέτηνα, παρὰ δὲ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν εἶναι δοκεῖ Πρωνεὺς ὁ κατὰ τὸν Ἰλιακὸν γεγονὼς πόλεμον.
After the death of this king, an anarchy having arisen for five generations, a certain man of no distinction was elected king, whom the Egyptians call Cetes, but among the Greeks he is thought to be Proneus, who lived at the time of the Trojan War.
§1.62.2τούτου δὲ παραδεδομένου τῶν τε πνευμάτων ἔχειν ἐμπειρίαν καὶ τὴν μορφὴν μεταβάλλειν ὁτὲ μὲν εἰς ζῴων τύπους, ὁτὲ δὲ εἰς δένδρον ἢ πῦρ ἤ τι τῶν ἄλλων, ὁμολογούμενα τούτοις συμβαίνει καὶ τοὺς ἱερεῖς λέγειν περὶ αὐτοῦ.
While it is handed down that this man had experience with winds and changed his shape, sometimes into the forms of animals, and sometimes into a tree or fire or some other thing, it happens that the priests also say things about him that agree with these accounts.
§1.62.3ἐκ μὲν γὰρ τῆς μετὰ τῶν ἀστρολόγων συμβιώσεως, ἣν ἐποιεῖτο συνεχῶς, ἐμπειρίαν ἐσχηκέναι τὸν βασιλέα τῶν τοιούτων, ἐκ δὲ τοῦ νομίμου τοῦ παραδεδομένου τοῖς βασιλεῦσι τὸ περὶ τὰς μεταβολὰς τῆς ἰδέας μυθολογηθῆναι παρὰ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν.
For they say that from his constant association with astrologers, which he used to maintain, the king had acquired experience in such matters, and that from the custom handed down to the kings, the myth about the changes of his appearance was fabricated among the Greeks.
§1.62.4ἐν ἔθει γὰρ εἶναι τοῖς κατʼ Αἴγυπτον δυνάσταις περιτίθεσθαι περὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν λεόντων καὶ ταύρων καὶ δρακόντων προτομάς, σημεῖα τῆς ἀρχῆς· καὶ ποτὲ μὲν δένδρα, ποτὲ δὲ πῦρ, ἔστι δʼ ὅτε καὶ θυμιαμάτων εὐωδῶν ἔχειν ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς οὐκ ὀλίγα, καὶ διὰ τούτων ἅμα μὲν ἑαυτοὺς εἰς εὐπρέπειαν κοσμεῖν, ἅμα δὲ τοὺς ἄλλους εἰς κατάπληξιν ἄγειν καὶ δεισιδαίμονα διάθεσιν.
For it was a custom among the rulers in Egypt to place around their heads the foreparts of lions, bulls, and dragons as symbols of their rule; and sometimes trees, sometimes fire, and occasionally not a small amount of fragrant incense upon their heads; and by these means they simultaneously adorned themselves for dignity and brought others to awe and superstitious dread.
§1.62.5μετὰ δὲ τὴν Πρωτέως τελευτὴν διαδεξάμενος τὴν βασιλείαν ὁ υἱὸς Ῥέμφις διετέλεσε πάντα τὸν τοῦ ζῆν χρόνον ἐπιμελόμενος τῶν προσόδων καὶ σωρεύων πανταχόθεν τὸν πλοῦτον, διὰ δὲ μικροψυχίαν καὶ φιλαργυρίαν ἤθους οὔτε εἰς ἀναθήματα θεῶν οὔτʼ εἰς εὐεργεσίαν ἀνθρώπων οὐδὲν ἀνήλωσε.
After the death of Proteus, his son Remphis, having succeeded to the kingship, continued for the whole time of his life attending to the revenues and amassing wealth from every quarter; but because of his meanness of spirit and love of money, he spent nothing either on votive offerings to the gods or on beneficence to men.
§1.62.6διὸ καὶ γενόμενος οὐ βασιλεὺς ἀλλʼ οἰκονόμος ἀγαθὸς ἀντὶ τῆς ἐπʼ ἀρετῇ δόξης ἀπέλιπε πλεῖστα χρήματα τῶν πρὸ αὐτοῦ βασιλευσάντων· ἀργύρου γὰρ καὶ χρυσοῦ παραδέδοται συναγαγεῖν αὐτὸν εἰς τετταράκοντα μυριάδας ταλάντων.
Therefore, having become not a king but a good administrator, instead of glory for virtue he left behind the greatest wealth of any of the kings who ruled before him; for it is handed down that he collected as much as forty thousand talents of silver and gold.

Notes

  1. 1.62.1Πρωνεὺς — The manuscript reads 'Proneus', but it clearly refers to 'Proteus' (Πρωτεύς), the mythical king and sea god known for his ability to change shapes. Indeed, in 1.62.5 the genitive form Πρωτέως (of Proteus) is used, suggesting that Πρωνεὺς in this section is either a scribal error or an inconsistency on the author's part.
  2. 1.62.2τούτου δὲ παραδεδομένου — A genitive absolute construction with the passive participle παραδεδομένου. The genitive pronoun τούτου serves as the subject of the participle, which in turn governs the accusative and infinitive phrases (ἔχειν and μεταβάλλειν) explaining what is handed down.
  3. 1.62.2ὁμολογούμενα τούτοις συμβαίνει καὶ τοὺς ἱερεῖς λέγειν περὶ αὐτοῦ — The impersonal verb συμβαίνει (it happens, it is the case) takes the accusative and infinitive phrase (καὶ τοὺς ἱερεῖς λέγειν, 'that the priests also say') as its subject. The phrase ὁμολογούμενα τούτοις (things agreeing with these) is the direct object of the infinitive λέγειν, indicating the agreement between the popular legend and the priests' accounts.
  4. 1.62.3τὸ περὶ τὰς μεταβολὰς τῆς ἰδέας μυθολογηθῆναι παρὰ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν — The articular infinitive phrase τὸ ... μυθολογηθῆναι ('the being mythologized') acts as the subject of the indirect discourse continued from the previous sentence, or as the subject of the clause introduced by ἐκ δὲ τοῦ νομίμου... ('the mythologizing ... arose from the custom').
  5. 1.62.6τῶν πρὸ αὐτοῦ βασιλευσάντων — Genitive of comparison used in conjunction with the superlative πλεῖστα. It compares Remphis with all the kings who ruled before him, emphasizing that he left behind 'the most wealth of [i.e., compared to] any of the kings before him.'

Cite this passage

Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica §1.62.1-1.62.6. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.humanitext-grc5:1.62.1-1.62.6

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