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Diodorus Siculus · Bibliotheca Historica §1.44.1-1.44.5

Chronology of Egyptian Rulers and Historiographical Method

Passage 45 of 406 · Greek

Summary

The chronological division of Egyptian rule under gods, heroes, and men is discussed, summarizing the numbers of rulers and duration of reigns under Ethiopian, Persian, Macedonian, and native dynasties, while the author declares his policy of focusing only on the most historical events.

§1.44.1μυθολογοῦσι δʼ αὐτῶν τινες τὸ μὲν πρῶτον ἄρξαι τῆς Αἰγύπτου θεοὺς καὶ ἥρωας ἔτη βραχὺ λείποντα τῶν μυρίων καὶ ὀκτακισχιλίων, καὶ θεῶν ἔσχατον βασιλεῦσαι τὸν Ἴσιδος Ὧρον· ὑπʼ ἀνθρώπων δὲ τὴν χώραν βεβασιλεῦσθαί φασιν ἔτη βραχὺ λείποντα τῶν πεντακισχιλίων μέχρι τῆς ἑκατοστῆς καὶ ὀγδοηκοστῆς ὀλυμπιάδος, καθʼ ἣν ἡμεῖς μὲν παρεβάλομεν εἰς Αἴγυπτον, ἐβασίλευε δὲ Πτολεμαῖος ὁ νέος Διόνυσος χρηματίζων.
Some of them tell in myth that at first gods and heroes ruled Egypt for a period of years falling a little short of eighteen thousand, and that the last of the gods to reign was Horus, the son of Isis; and they say that the country was ruled by men for a period of years falling a little short of five thousand up to the one hundred and eightieth Olympiad, in which we visited Egypt, when Ptolemy, who was styled "the New Dionysus," was king.
§1.44.2τούτων δὲ τὰ μὲν πλεῖστα κατασχεῖν τὴν ἀρχὴν ἐγχωρίους βασιλεῖς, ὀλίγα δὲ Αἰθίοπας καὶ Πέρσας καὶ Μακεδόνας.
And of these years, local kings held the rule for the greatest part, and Ethiopians, Persians, and Macedonians for a few.
Αἰθίοκας μὲν οὖν ἄρξαι τέτταρας, οὐ κατὰ τὸ ἑξῆς, ἀλλʼ ἐκ διαστήματος, ἔτη τὰ πάντα βραχὺ λείποντα τῶν ἓξ καὶ τριάκοντα·
Now, the Ethiopians ruled as four, not consecutively but at intervals, for a total of years falling a little short of thirty-six.
§1.44.3Πέρσας δʼ ἡγήσασθαι Καμβύσου τοῦ βασιλέως τοῖς ὅπλοις καταστρεψαμένου τὸ ἔθνος πέντε πρὸς τοῖς ἑκατὸν καὶ τριάκοντα ἔτεσι σὺν ταῖς τῶν Αἰγυπτίων ἀποστάσεσιν, ἃς ἐποιήσαντο φέρειν οὐ δυνάμενοι τὴν τραχύτητα τῆς ἐπιστασίας καὶ τὴν εἰς τοὺς ἐγχωρίους θεοὺς ἀσέβειαν.
And the Persians ruled for one hundred and thirty-five years, since King Cambyses subdued the nation by force of arms, including the rebellions of the Egyptians, which they made because they were unable to bear the severity of the administration and the impiety toward their local gods.
§1.44.4ἐσχάτους δὲ Μακεδόνας ἄρξαι καὶ τοὺς ἀπὸ Μακεδόνων ἓξ ἔτη πρὸς τοῖς διακοσίοις καὶ ἑβδομήκοντα.
And lastly, the Macedonians and their successors ruled for two hundred and seventy-six years.
τοὺς δὲ λοιποὺς χρόνους ἅπαντας διατελέσαι βασιλεύοντας τῆς χώρας ἐγχωρίους, ἄνδρας μὲν ἑβδομήκοντα πρὸς τοῖς τετρακοσίοις, γυναῖκας δὲ πέντε· περὶ ὧν ἁπάντων οἱ μὲν ἱερεῖς εἶχον ἀναγραφὰς ἐν ταῖς ἱεραῖς βίβλοις ἐκ παλαιῶν χρόνων ἀεὶ τοῖς διαδόχοις παραδεδομένας, ὁπηλίκος ἕκαστος τῶν βασιλευσάντων ἐγένετο τῷ μεγέθει καὶ ὁποῖός τις τῇ φύσει καὶ τὰ κατὰ τοὺς ἰδίους χρόνους ἑκάστῳ πραχθέντα·
And for all the remaining times, local rulers continued to reign over the country, being four hundred and seventy men and five women; concerning all of whom the priests possessed records in their sacred books, handed down continually to their successors from ancient times, showing how tall each of those who reigned was in stature, what kind of person he was in character, and what was accomplished by each in his own times.
§1.44.5ἡμῖν δὲ περὶ ἑκάστου τὰ κατὰ μέρος μακρὸν ἂν εἴη καὶ περίεργον γράφειν, ὡς ἂν τῶν πλείστων ἀχρήστων περιειλημμένων.
But for us, to write about each one in detail would be a long and superfluous task, since most of these records would be found to contain useless matters.
διόπερ τῶν ἀξίων ἱστορίας τὰ κυριώτατα συντόμως διεξιέναι πειρασόμεθα.
Therefore, we shall endeavour to run through briefly the most important of those things that are worthy of history.

Notes

  1. 1.44.1λείποντα — Present participle neuter plural accusative, modifying `ἔτη` (accusative of duration of time). The genitive `τῶν μυρίων...` is a genitive of comparison or separation, indicating 'falling short of...'.
  2. 1.44.1χρηματίζων — The participle `χρηματίζων` (present active masculine singular) is used here in the sense of 'bearing the name of' or 'styling oneself,' referring to Ptolemy XII (Auletes) who called himself 'the New Dionysus.'
  3. 1.44.3σὺν ταῖς τῶν Αἰγυπτίων ἀποστάσεσιν — The preposition `σύν` (with dative) indicates that the total period of Persian rule (135 years) is calculated 'including' the intervals of the Egyptian rebellions when they temporarily gained independence.
  4. 1.44.5ὡς ἂν τῶν πλείστων ἀχρήστων περιειλημμένων — Genitive absolute with `ὡς ἄν` and the passive perfect participle `περιειλημμένων`. `ὡς` expresses a subjective reason ('on the ground that'), while `ἄν` adds a potential or hypothetical nuance ('as would be found to contain...').

Cite this passage

Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica §1.44.1-1.44.5. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.humanitext-grc5:1.44.1-1.44.5

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