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Diodorus Siculus · Bibliotheca Historica §17.40.1-17.40.5

Defiance of Tyre and Alexander's Construction of the Mole

Passage 645 of 723 · Greek

Summary

After burying the dead from Issus and performing sacrifices, Alexander marches toward Egypt but is refused entry into Tyre; consequently, he decides to besiege the island city and begins constructing a massive mole from the mainland.

§17.40.1ἐπʼ ἄρχοντος δʼ Ἀθήνησι Νικηράτου Ῥωμαῖοι κατέστησαν ὑπάτους Μάρκον Ἀτίλιον καὶ Μάρκον Οὐαλέριον, Ὀλυμπιὰς δʼ ἤχθη δευτέρα πρὸς ταῖς ἑκατὸν καὶ δέκα, καθʼ ἣν ἐνίκα Γρύλος Χαλκιδεύς.
When Niceratus was archon at Athens, the Romans established Marcus Atilius and Marcus Valerius as consuls, and the one hundred and twelfth Olympiad was celebrated, in which Grylus of Chalcis won.
ἐπὶ δὲ τούτων Ἀλέξανδρος μετὰ τὴν ἐν Ἰσσῷ νίκην τοὺς μὲν τελευτήσαντας ἔθαψεν, ἐν οἷς καὶ τῶν πολεμίων τοὺς ἐν ταῖς ἀνδραγαθίαις θαυμασθέντας· μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα τοῖς θεοῖς μεγαλοπρεπεῖς θυσίας συντελέσας καὶ τοὺς ἐν τῇ μάχῃ κατʼ ἀρετὴν διαφόρους γενομένους τιμήσας ταῖς ἀξίαις ἑκάστους δωρεαῖς ἐφʼ ἡμέρας τινὰς ἀνέλαβε τὴν δύναμιν.
Under these magistrates, Alexander, after his victory at Issus, buried the dead, among whom were also those of the enemy who had been admired for their bravery; and after this, having performed magnificent sacrifices to the gods and honored those who had distinguished themselves in bravery during the battle with appropriate gifts for each, he rested his army for some days.
§17.40.2ἔπειτα προάγων ἐπʼ Αἰγύπτου καὶ καταντήσας εἰς τὴν Φοινίκην τὰς μὲν ἄλλας πόλεις παρέλαβεν, ἑτοίμως τῶν ἐγχωρίων προσδεξαμένων αὐτόν· οἱ δὲ Τύριοι βουλομένου τοῦ βασιλέως τῷ Ἡρακλεῖ τῷ Τυρίῳ θῦσαι προπετέστερον διεκώλυσαν αὐτὸν τῆς εἰς τὴν πόλιν εἰσόδου.
Then advancing toward Egypt and arriving in Phoenicia, he took over the other cities, as the inhabitants readily received him; but the Tyrians, when the king wished to sacrifice to the Tyrian Heracles, rather rashly prevented him from entering the city.
§17.40.3τοῦ δʼ Ἀλεξάνδρου χαλεπῶς ἐνέγκαντος καὶ διαπειλησαμένου πολεμήσειν τὴν πόλιν οἱ Τύριοι τεθαρρηκότως ὑπέμενον τὴν πολιορκίαν, ἅμα μὲν Δαρείῳ χαριζόμενοι καὶ τὴν πρὸς αὐτὸν εὔνοιαν βεβαίαν τηροῦντες καὶ νομίζοντες μεγάλας δωρεὰς ἀντὶ ταύτης τῆς χάριτος ἀντιλήψεσθαι παρὰ τοῦ βασιλέως, ἐπισπώμενοι μὲν τὸν Ἀλέξανδρον εἰς πολυχρόνιον καὶ ἐπικίνδυνον πολιορκίαν, διδόντες δʼ ἄνεσιν τῷ Δαρείῳ πρὸς τὰς παρασκευάς, ἅμα δὲ καὶ πιστεύοντες τῇ τε ὀχυρότητι τῆς νήσου καὶ ταῖς ἐν αὐτῇ παρασκευαῖς, ἔτι δὲ τοῖς ἀπογόνοις αὐτῶν Καρχηδονίοις.
Although Alexander took this hard and threatened to make war on the city, the Tyrians boldly withstood the siege, partly to gratify Darius and keep their goodwill toward him firm, believing that they would receive great gifts from the king in return for this favor by dragging Alexander into a long and dangerous siege and giving Darius a breathing space for his preparations, and partly because they trusted in the strength of the island and the preparations made in it, and further in their descendants, the Carthaginians.
§17.40.4ὁ δὲ βασιλεὺς ὁρῶν κατὰ θάλατταν μὲν δυσπολιόρκητον οὖσαν τὴν πόλιν διά τε τὴν παρασκευὴν τῶν κατὰ τὸ τεῖχος ἔργων καὶ τὴν ὑπάρχουσαν ἐν αὐτῇ δύναμιν ναυτικήν, κατὰ δὲ γῆν σχεδὸν ἀπραγμάτευτον οὖσαν διὰ τὸ τέτταρσι σταδίοις διείργεσθαι τῆς ἠπείρου ὅμως ἔκρινε συμφέρειν πάντα κίνδυνον καὶ πόνον ὑπομένειν ὑπὲρ τοῦ μὴ καταφρονηθῆναι τὴν τῶν Μακεδόνων δύναμιν ὑπὸ μιᾶς καὶ τῆς τυχούσης πόλεως.
The king, seeing that the city was difficult to besiege by sea because of the preparation of the defenses along the wall and the naval force existing in it, and by land almost impossible to approach because of its being separated from the mainland by four stades, nevertheless decided that it was advantageous to undergo every danger and toil so that the power of the Macedonians might not be despised by a single and ordinary city.
§17.40.5εὐθὺς οὖν καθαιρῶν τὴν παλαιὰν λεγομένην Τύρον καὶ πολλῶν μυριάδων κομιζουσῶν τοὺς λίθους χῶμα κατεσκεύαζε δίπλεθρον τῷ πλάτει.
Immediately, therefore, pulling down what was called Old Tyre, and with many tens of thousands of men carrying the stones, he constructed a mole of two plethra in width.
πανδημεὶ δὲ προσλαβόμενος τοὺς κατοικοῦντας τὰς πλησίον πόλεις ταχὺ διὰ τὰς πολυχειρίας ἠνύετο τὰ τῶν ἔργων.
And having pressed the inhabitants of the neighboring cities into service en masse, the construction was quickly completed because of the abundance of hands.

Notes

  1. §17.40.1ἐπὶ δὲ τούτων — The preposition ἐπί with the genitive case means 'in the time of' or 'during the term of office of', referring to the Athenian archon and Roman consuls just mentioned.
  2. §17.40.1ἀνέλαβε τὴν δύναμιν — The verb ἀναλαμβάνω is used here in the sense of 'to restore', 'refresh', or 'cause to recover', with the accusative τὴν δύναμιν ('the army/force') as its direct object.
  3. §17.40.3ἐπισπώμενοι μὲν ... διδόντες δʼ — These present participles function adverbially to explain the specific means or manner by which the Tyrians expected to gratify Darius (χαριζόμενοι), namely by dragging Alexander into a long siege and giving Darius time.
  4. §17.40.4ὑπὲρ τοῦ μὴ καταφρονηθῆναι τὴν τῶν Μακεδόνων δύναμιν — The preposition ὑπέρ with the genitive articular infinitive (τοῦ μὴ καταφρονηθῆναι) expresses purpose ('in order not to be...'). The accusative phrase τὴν τῶν Μακεδόνων δύναμιν serves as the subject accusative of the passive infinitive.
  5. §17.40.5δίπλεθρον τῷ πλάτει — The adjective δίπλεθρον ('two-plethra wide', about 200 feet) modifies the direct object noun χῶμα ('mole'). The dative τῷ πλάτει functions as a dative of respect ('in width').

Cite this passage

Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica §17.40.1-17.40.5. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.humanitext-grc4:17.40.1-17.40.5

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