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Diodorus Siculus · Bibliotheca Historica §14.2.1-14.2.4

Examples of Ruin from Injustice and Scope of Book 14

Passage 296 of 723 · Greek

Summary

The author presents historical examples of ruin brought by greed and injustice (Athens' thirty tyrants, Sparta, and Dionysius of Syracuse) and declares that this book will cover the subsequent eighteen years, starting from the thirty tyrants to the Gallic sack of Rome.

§14.2.1παρὰ μὲν γὰρ Ἀθηναίοις τριάκοντα τύραννοι γενόμενοι διὰ τὴν ἰδίαν πλεονεξίαν τήν τε πατρίδα μεγάλοις ἀτυχήμασι περιέβαλον καὶ αὐτοὶ ταχὺ τὴν δύναμιν ἀποβαλόντες ἀθάνατον ἑαυτῶν ὄνειδος καταλελοίπασι, Λακεδαιμόνιοι δὲ περιποιησάμενοι τὴν τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἀρχὴν ἀναμφισβήτητον, τότε ταύτης ἐστερήθησαν, ὅτε πράξεις ἀδίκους κατὰ τῶν συμμάχων ἐπιτελεῖν ἐπεχείρησαν· αἱ γὰρ τῶν ἡγεμόνων ὑπεροχαὶ τηροῦνται μὲν εὐνοίᾳ καὶ δικαιοσύνῃ, καταλύονται δὲ ἀδικήμασι καὶ μίσει τῶν ὑποτεταγμένων.
For among the Athenians, the thirty tyrants who arose because of their own greed both plunged their fatherland into great misfortunes and, having themselves quickly lost their power, have left behind an immortal disgrace of themselves; while the Lacedaemonians, having acquired the undisputed rule of Greece, were deprived of it at the very time when they undertook to commit unjust deeds against their allies; for the pre-eminences of rulers are preserved by goodwill and justice, but are overthrown by the injustices and the hatred of their subjects.
§14.2.2παραπλησίως δὲ καὶ Διονύσιος ὁ Συρακοσίων τύραννος, καίπερ εὐτυχέστατος τῶν δυναστῶν γεγονώς, ζῶν μὲν οὐ διέλιπεν ἐπιβουλευόμενος, καὶ διὰ τὸν φόβον ἠναγκάζετο φέρειν ὑπὸ τὸν χιτῶνα σιδηροῦν θώρακα, τελευτήσας δὲ μέγιστον εἰς βλασφημίας παράδειγμα καταλέλοιπε τὸν ἑαυτοῦ βίον εἰς ἅπαντα τὸν αἰῶνα.
And similarly Dionysius, the tyrant of the Syracusans, although he had become the most fortunate of rulers, did not cease being plotted against during his lifetime, and because of fear was compelled to wear an iron breastplate under his tunic; and having died, he has left behind his own life as the greatest example of infamy for all time.
§14.2.3ἀλλὰ περὶ μὲν τούτων ἐν τοῖς οἰκείοις χρόνοις ἕκαστον ἀναγράψομεν σαφέστερον, νῦν δʼ ἐπὶ τὰ συνεχῆ τοῖς προϊστορημένοις τρεψόμεθα, τοὺς χρόνους μόνον διορίζοντες.
But concerning these matters we shall record each in clearer detail at their proper times, and now we shall turn to the events continuous with those previously narrated, only defining the periods.
§14.2.4ἐν μὲν γὰρ ταῖς πρὸ ταύτης βίβλοις ἀνεγράψαμεν τὰς ἀπὸ Τροίας ἁλώσεως πράξεις ἕως ἐπὶ τὴν κατάλυσιν τοῦ τε Πελοποννησιακοῦ πολέμου καὶ τῆς Ἀθηναίων ἡγεμονίας, διελθόντες ἔτη ἑπτακόσια ἑβδομήκοντα ἐννέα· ἐν ταύτῃ δὲ τὰς συνεχεῖς πράξεις προσαναπληροῦντες ἀρξόμεθα ἐκ τῶν κατασταθέντων Ἀθήνησι τριάκοντα τυράννων, καταλήξομεν δὲ ἐπὶ τὴν Ῥώμης ἅλωσιν ὑπὸ Γαλατῶν, περιλαβόντες ἔτη δέκα ὀκτώ.
For in the books prior to this one we recorded the deeds from the capture of Troy down to the dissolution of both the Peloponnesian War and the hegemony of the Athenians, covering seven hundred and seventy-nine years; and in this one, filling out the continuous deeds, we shall begin with the thirty tyrants established in Athens, and shall end with the capture of Rome by the Gauls, embracing eighteen years.

Notes

  1. 14.2.1γενόμενοι — This nominative participle can be interpreted attributively modifying 'τριάκοντα τύραννοι' ('the thirty tyrants who arose...'), or adverbially indicating time ('when they arose') or cause. We adopt the attributive interpretation, which directly characterizes the tyrants by their greed.
  2. 14.2.1ἀδικήμασι καὶ μίσει τῶν ὑποτεταγμένων — The genitive 'τῶν ὑποτεταγμένων' ('of the subjects') functions as a subjective genitive qualifying only 'μίσει' ('hatred'). 'ἀδικήμασι' ('unjust acts') refers to the actions committed by the rulers themselves. Thus, the phrase balances two distinct causes of ruin: the rulers' own injustices and the subjects' hatred.
  3. 14.2.2οὐ διέλιπεν ἐπιβουλευόμενος — This is an idiomatic construction where the verb 'διαλείπω' is combined with the supplementary participle 'ἐπιβουλευόμενος' to mean 'to not cease doing/being...' (here, 'he did not cease being plotted against'). It highlights that Dionysius was continuously the target of conspiracies.
  4. 14.2.4προσαναπληροῦντες — The present active participle 'προσαναπληροῦντες' expresses the means or attendant circumstance ('filling out in addition/completing') in relation to the main verbs 'ἀρξόμεθα' ('we shall begin') and 'καταλήξομεν' ('we shall end'). It indicates the author's intention to bridge the historical gap and complete the narrative.

Cite this passage

Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica §14.2.1-14.2.4. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.humanitext-grc4:14.2.1-14.2.4

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