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Diodorus Siculus · Bibliotheca Historica §14.115.1-14.115.6

Celtic Entry into Rome and Siege of the Capitoline

Passage 409 of 723 · Greek

Summary

The Celts pursued and inflicted heavy casualties on the fleeing Romans, while the survivors either took refuge in Veii or retreated to the Capitol in Rome to fortify it, after which the Celts entered the city on the fourth day and laid siege to the fortified points.

§14.115.1οἱ δὲ Κελτοί, πολλοὺς καὶ παρʼ αὐτὸν τὸν ποταμὸν ἀνῃρηκότες, οὐδʼ οὕτως ἀφίσταντο τῆς φιλοτιμίας, ἀλλʼ ἐπὶ τοὺς διανηχομένους ἠκόντιζον.
And the Celts, having slain many even by the river itself, did not even so desist from their fierce determination, but kept hurling javelins at those who were swimming across.
καὶ πολλῶν βελῶν ἀφιεμένων εἰς ἀθρόους τοὺς ἐν τῷ ποταμῷ, συνέβαινε μὴ διαμαρτάνειν τοὺς βάλλοντας.
And since many missiles were discharged at the crowded men in the river, it happened that the throwers did not miss their mark.
ὅθεν οἱ μὲν καιρίαις περιπεσόντες πληγαῖς εὐθέως ἐτελεύτων, οἱ δὲ κατατραυματιζόμενοι καὶ διὰ τὴν περὶ τὸ αἷμα ῥύσιν καὶ σφοδρότητα τοῦ ῥεύματος ἐκλυόμενοι παρεφέροντο.
Consequently, some, receiving fatal wounds, died immediately, while others, being covered with wounds and losing their strength because of the loss of blood and the violence of the current, were swept downstream.
§14.115.2τοιαύτης δὲ συμφορᾶς γενομένης περὶ τοὺς Ῥωμαίους, οἱ μὲν πλεῖστοι τῶν διασωθέντων πόλιν Βηίους κατελάβοντο, προσφάτως ὑφʼ ἑαυτῶν κατεσκαμμένην, καὶ τόν τε τόπον ὠχύρουν κατὰ τὸ δυνατὸν καὶ τοὺς ἐκ τῆς φυγῆς σωζομένους ἀνελάμβανον·
When such a disaster befell the Romans, the majority of those who were saved took refuge in the city of Veii, which had recently been demolished by themselves, and they fortified the place as best they could and took in those who were escaping from the flight.
ὀλίγοι δὲ τῶν διανηξαμένων ἄνοπλοι φυγόντες εἰς Ῥώμηνἀπήγγειλαν πάντας ἀπολωλέναι.
But a few of those who had swum across, fleeing unarmed to Rome, reported that everyone had perished.
τηλικούτων δʼ ἀτυχημάτων ἠγγελμένων τοῖς ἐν τῇ πόλει καταλελειμμένοις, εἰς ἀπορίαν ἅπαντες ἐνέπιπτον·
When misfortunes of such magnitude were reported to those who had been left behind in the city, everyone fell into utter despair.
§14.115.3ἀνθίστασθαι μὲν γὰρ ἀδύνατον εἶναι διελάμβανον, ἁπάντων τῶν νέων ἀπολωλότων, φεύγειν δὲ μετὰ τέκνων καὶ γυναικῶν ἐπικίνδυνον ἦν λίαν, τῶν πολεμίων ἐγγὺς ὑπαρχόντων.
For they considered that to resist was impossible, since all the young men had perished, and to flee with their children and wives was exceedingly dangerous, with the enemy being close at hand.
πολλοὶ μὲν οὖν τῶν ἰδιωτῶν πανοίκιοι πρὸς τὰς ἀστυγείτονας πόλεις ἔφευγον, οἱ δʼ ἄρχοντες τῆς πόλεως παραθαρσύνοντες τὰ πλήθη προσέταττον ταχέως ἐπὶ τὸ Καπετώλιον τόν τε σῖτον καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν ἀναγκαίων ἀποκομίζειν.
Accordingly, many of the private citizens fled with their whole households to the neighboring cities, but the magistrates of the city, encouraging the multitude, ordered them to carry the grain and the rest of the provisions quickly up to the Capitol.
§14.115.4οὗ γενηθέντος ἔγεμεν ἡ ἀκρόπολις καὶ τὸ Καπετώλιον χωρὶς τῶν εἰς τροφὴν ἀνηκόντων ἀργυρίου τε καὶ χρυσίου καὶ τῆς πολυτελεστάτης ἐσθῆτος, ὡς ἂν ἐξ ὅλης τῆς πόλεως εἰς ἕνα τόπον τῶν ἀγαθῶν συνηθροισμένων.
When this was done, the acropolis and the Capitol were filled, apart from what pertained to food, with silver and gold and the most costly raiment, as if the goods from the entire city had been gathered into one place.
οὗτοι μὲν οὖν τὰ δυνατὰ τῶν χρημάτων μετεκόμιζον καὶ τὸν προειρημένον τόπον ὠχύρουν, ἀναστροφὴν ἔχοντες τρεῖς ἡμέρας.
These men, therefore, carried over what wealth they could and fortified the aforementioned place, having a respite of three days.
§14.115.5οἱ γὰρ Κελτοὶ τὴν μὲν πρώτην ἡμέραν διετέλεσαν ἀποκόπτοντες τὰς κεφαλὰς τῶν τετελευτηκότων κατὰ τὸ πάτριον ἔθος· τὰς δὲ δύο παρὰ τὴν πόλιν στρατοπεδεύοντες, καὶ τὰ μὲν τείχη θεωροῦντες ἔρημα, κραυγὴν δὲ αἰσθόμενοι γινομένην, ἣν ἐποίουν οἱ τὰ χρησιμώτατα μεταφέροντες εἰς τὴν ἀκρόπολιν, ὑπελάμβανον ἐνεδρεύειν ἑαυτοῖς τοὺς Ῥωμαίους.
For the Celts spent the first day cutting off the heads of the dead according to their ancestral custom; and for the next two days they encamped near the city, and though they saw that the walls were deserted, yet hearing a shouting going on, which was made by those who were carrying their most valuable belongings into the acropolis, they suspected that the Romans were laying an ambush for them.
§14.115.6τῇ τετάρτῃ δʼ ἡμέρᾳ γνόντες τὴν ἀλήθειαν, τάς τε πύλας ἐξέκοψαν καὶ τὴν πόλιν ἐλυμαίνοντο, χωρὶς ὀλίγων οἰκιῶν ἐν τῷ Παλατίῳ.
But on the fourth day, when they learned the truth, they burst open the gates and plundered the city, except for a few houses on the Palatine.
μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα προσβολὰς ποιούμενοι καθʼ ἡμέραν πρὸς ὀχυροὺς τόπους, οὐθὲν μὲν ἀξιόλογον ἔβλαπτον τοὺς ὑπεναντίους, ἑαυτῶν δὲ πολλοὺς ἀπέβαλλον· ὅμως δʼ οὐκ ἀφίσταντο τῆς φιλοτιμίας, ἐλπίζοντες, ἐὰν μὴ βίᾳ κρατήσωσι, τῷ γε χρόνῳ πάντως τῶν ἀναγκαίων ἐκλιπόντων καταπονήσειν.
After this, making assaults daily against the fortified places, they did no noteworthy damage to their opponents, but lost many of their own men; nevertheless, they did not desist from their fierce determination, hoping that, even if they could not conquer by force, they would at any rate completely wear them out in time as their provisions failed.

Notes

  1. 14.115.1φιλοτιμίας — While typically meaning "love of honor" or "ambition," here it is used in the sense of "fierce determination" or "warlike zeal" to press on with the attack. It is repeated in the same sense in 14.115.6.
  2. 14.115.2προσφάτως ὑφʼ ἑαυτῶν κατεσκαμμένην — The perfect passive participle κατεσκαμμένην modifies the preceding feminine singular accusative noun πόλιν Βηίους. The reflexive genitive ἑαυτῶν points to the logical subject of the participle (the Romans themselves), indicating that the city had been recently destroyed by their own hands (referring to the fall of Veii in 396 BC).
  3. 14.115.4ὡς ἂν ἐξ ὅλης τῆς πόλεως εἰς ἕνα τόπον τῶν ἀγαθῶν συνηθροισμένων — This is a genitive absolute construction introduced by the comparative particles ὡς ἄν. The participle συνηθροισμένων (perfect passive genitive plural) agrees with its logical subject τῶν ἀγαθῶν, presenting a hypothetical or subjective comparison ("as if the goods had been gathered").
  4. 14.115.6ἐλπίζοντες, ἐὰν μὴ βίᾳ κρατήσωσι, τῷ γε χρόνῳ πάντως τῶν ἀναγκαίων ἐκλιπόντων καταπονήσειν — The participle ἐλπίζοντες ("hoping") governs the future active infinitive καταπονήσειν ("to wear down/overcome"), whose subject (the Celts) is omitted as it is identical to the subject of the main verb. Entangled within this clause are the conditional clause ἐὰν μὴ βίᾳ κρατήσωσι and the genitive absolute τῶν ἀναγκαίων ἐκλιπόντων.

Cite this passage

Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica §14.115.1-14.115.6. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.humanitext-grc4:14.115.1-14.115.6

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