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Diodorus Siculus · Bibliotheca Historica §13.12.1-13.12.6

Debate on Retreat and the Lunar Eclipse

Passage 191 of 723 · Greek

Summary

Due to the deteriorating situation and an outbreak of plague, Demosthenes proposes a withdrawal, but Nicias opposes it; however, once the Athenians finally decide to retreat against the reinforced Syracusans, a lunar eclipse occurs, prompting Nicias to postpone the departure.

§13.12.1Ἀθηναῖοι δέ, τῶν πραγμάτων αὐτοῖς ἐπὶ τὸ χεῖρον ἐκβάντων καὶ διὰ τὸ τὸν περικείμενον τόπον ὑπάρχειν ἑλώδη λοιμικῆς καταστάσεως εἰς τὸ στρατόπεδον ἐμπεσούσης, ἐβουλεύοντο, πῶς δεῖ χρῆσθαι τοῖς πράγμασιν.
But the Athenians, since their affairs had turned for the worse and a plague-like condition had fallen upon the camp because the surrounding area was marshy, deliberated on how they ought to deal with the circumstances.
§13.12.2Δημοσθένης μὲν οὖν ᾤετο δεῖν ἀποπλεῖν τὴν ταχίστην εἰς Ἀθήνας φάσκων αἱρετώτερον εἶναι πρὸς Λακεδαιμονίους ὑπὲρ τῆς πατρίδος κινδυνεύειν ἢ καθημένους εἰς Σικελίαν μηδὲν τῶν χρησίμων ἐπιτελεῖν·
Now Demosthenes thought they ought to sail away to Athens as quickly as possible, asserting that it was preferable to risk their lives for their fatherland against the Lacedaemonians than to accomplish nothing useful while sitting idle in Sicily.
ὁ δὲ Νικίας οὐκ ἔφη δεῖν αἰσχρῶς οὕτως ἐγκαταλιπεῖν τὴν πολιορκίαν, καὶ τριήρων καὶ στρατιωτῶν, ἔτι δὲ χρημάτων εὐποροῦντας· πρὸς δὲ τούτοις, ἐὰν ἄνευ τῆς τοῦ δήμου γνώμης εἰρήνην ποιησάμενοι πρὸς τοὺς Συρακοσίους ἀποπλεύσωσιν εἰς τὴν πατρίδα, κίνδυνον αὐτοῖς ἐπακολουθήσειν ἀπὸ τῶν εἰωθότων τοὺς στρατηγοὺς συκοφαντεῖν.
But Nicias said they should not abandon the siege so disgracefully, especially when they were well supplied with triremes, soldiers, and furthermore, money; and in addition to this, if they should sail away to their fatherland after making peace with the Syracusans without the approval of the assembly, danger would follow them from those who were accustomed to bring false accusations against the generals.
§13.12.3τῶν δὲ εἰς τὸ συμβούλιον παρειλημμένων οἱ μὲν τῷ Δημοσθένει συγκατέθεντο περὶ τῆς ἀναγωγῆς, οἱ δὲ τῷ Νικίᾳ τὴν αὐτὴν γνώμην ἀπεφαίνοντο· διόπερ οὐδὲν σαφὲς ἐπικρίναντες ἐφʼ ἡσυχίας ἔμενον.
Of those who had been admitted to the council, some agreed with Demosthenes concerning the departure, while others expressed the same opinion as Nicias; therefore, deciding nothing definite, they remained inactive.
§13.12.4τοῖς δὲ Συρακοσίοις παραγενομένης συμμαχίας παρά τε Σικελῶν καὶ Σελινουντίων, ἔτι δὲ Γελῴων, πρὸς δὲ τούτοις Ἱμεραίων καὶ Καμαριναίων, οἱ μὲν Συρακόσιοι μᾶλλον ἐθάρρουν, οἱ δʼ Ἀθηναῖοι περιδεεῖς ἐγίνοντο.
But when an alliance arrived for the Syracusans from the Sicels and Selinuntines, and furthermore the Geloans, and in addition to these the Himeraeans and Camarinaeans, the Syracusans became more confident, while the Athenians grew terrified.
τῆς δὲ νόσου μεγάλην ἐπίτασιν λαμβανούσης πολλοὶ τῶν στρατιωτῶν ἀπέθνησκον, καὶ πάντες μετεμέλοντο διὰ τὸ μὴ πάλαι τὸν ἀπόπλουν πεποιῆσθαι.
As the disease took a turn for the worse, many of the soldiers died, and all regretted that they had not made their departure long ago.
§13.12.5διὸ καὶ τοῦ πλήθους θορυβοῦντος, καὶ τῶν ἄλλων πάντων ἐπὶ τὰς ναῦς ὁρμώντων, ὁ Νικίας ἠναγκάσθη συγχωρῆσαι περὶ τῆς εἰς οἶκον ἀναγωγῆς.
Therefore, since the multitude was clamoring and all the others were rushing to the ships, Nicias was forced to agree to the departure for home.
ὁμογνωμόνων δὲ ὄντων τῶν στρατηγῶν, οἱ στρατιῶται τὰ σκεύη ἐνετίθεντο καὶ τὰς τριήρεις πληρώσαντες ᾖρον τὰς κεραίας· καὶ παρήγγειλαν οἱ στρατηγοὶ τοῖς πλήθεσιν, ὅταν σημήνῃ, μηδένα τῶν κατὰ τὸ στρατόπεδον ὑστερεῖν, ὡς ἀπολειφθησόμενον τὸν βραδύνοντα.
When the generals were of one mind, the soldiers put their baggage on board, and having manned the triremes, they raised the yards; and the generals commanded the multitude that, when the signal was given, no one in the camp should lag behind, as anyone who delayed would be left behind.
§13.12.6μελλόντων δʼ αὐτῶν τῇ ὑστεραίᾳ πλεῖν, ἐξέλιπεν ἡ σελήνη τῆς ἐπιούσης νυκτός.
Although they were intending to sail on the following day, the moon was eclipsed on the approaching night.
διόπερ ὁ Νικίας, καὶ φύσει δεισιδαίμων ὑπάρχων καὶ διὰ τὴν ἐν τῷ στρατοπέδῳ νόσον εὐλαβῶς διακείμενος, συνεκάλεσε τοὺς μάντεις.
Therefore Nicias, who was both superstitious by nature and cautiously inclined because of the disease in the camp, called together the soothsayers.
τούτων δʼ ἀποφηναμένων ἀναγκαῖον εἶναι τὰς εἰθισμένας τρεῖς ἡμέρας ἀναβαλέσθαι τὸν ἔκπλουν, ἠναγκάσθησαν καὶ οἱ περὶ τὸν Δημοσθένην συγκαταθέσθαι διὰ τὴν πρὸς τὸ θεῖον εὐλάβειαν.
When these declared that it was necessary to postpone the departure for the customary three days, Demosthenes and his men were also forced to agree because of their reverence for the divine.

Notes

  1. 13.12.1λοιμικῆς καταστάσεως εἰς τὸ στρατόπεδον ἐμπεσούσης — Genitive absolute construction. It stands in parallel with the preceding causal prepositional phrase `διὰ τὸ τὸν περικείμενον τόπον ὑπάρχειν ἑλώδη` (because the surrounding area was marshy), indicating another physical cause that prompted the Athenians to deliberate on withdrawal.
  2. 13.12.2κίνδυνον αὐτοῖς ἐπακολουθήσειν — Accusative with infinitive construction, dependent on the indirect discourse introduced by `οὐκ ἔφη` (said they should not). However, the infinitive clause is not under the influence of the negation `οὐκ`, but rather carries only the assertive force of `ἔφη` (said/asserted), meaning "that danger would follow."
  3. 13.12.5ὡς ἀπολειφθησόμενον τὸν βραδύνοντα — Accusative future participle with the conjunction `ὡς`, which expresses a subjective reason, intention, or warning. The subject of the participle `ἀπολειφθησόμενον` (about to be left behind) is the substantivated participle `τὸν βραδύνοντα` (the one who delays). The accusative case is used here because it is grammatically attracted to or aligned with `μηδένα`, the accusative subject of the preceding indirect command `μηδένα ... ὑστερεῖν`.

Cite this passage

Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica §13.12.1-13.12.6. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.humanitext-grc4:13.12.1-13.12.6

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