§12.1.1δικαίως ἄν τις ἀπορήσειε τὸν νοῦν ἐπιστήσας τῇ κατὰ τὸν ἀνθρώπινον βίον ἀνωμαλίᾳ· οὔτε γὰρ τῶν νομιζομένων ἀγαθῶν οὐδὲν ὁλόκληρον εὑρίσκεται δεδομένον τοῖς ἀνθρώποις οὔτε τῶν κακῶν αὐτοτελὲς ἄνευ τινὸς εὐχρηστίας.
Anyone would reasonably be perplexed if they turned their mind to the irregularity in human life; for neither is any of the so-called blessings found to be given to humans completely unimpaired, nor is any of the evils complete in itself without some usefulness.
τούτου δὲ τὰς ἀποδείξεις ἐξέσται λαμβάνειν ἐπιστήσαντας τὴν διάνοιαν ταῖς προγεγενημέναις πράξεσι, καὶ μάλιστα ταῖς μεγίσταις.
It will be possible to obtain proofs of this if we direct our attention to the deeds of the past, and especially to the greatest of them.
§12.1.2ἡ γὰρ Ξέρξου τοῦ Περσῶν βασιλέως ἐπὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα στρατεία διὰ τὸ μέγεθος τῶν δυνάμεων τὸν μέγιστον ἐπέστησε φόβον τοῖς Ἕλλησιν, ὡς ἂν ὑπὲρ ἀνδραποδισμοῦ μελλόντων πολεμεῖν, καὶ προκαταδεδουλωμένων τῶν κατὰ τὴν Ἀσίαν Ἑλληνίδων πόλεων πάντες ὑπέλαβον καὶ τὰς κατὰ τὴν Ἑλλάδα τῆς ὁμοίας τύχης πειράσεσθαι.
For the campaign of Xerxes, the king of the Persians, against Greece, because of the magnitude of his forces, inspired the greatest fear in the Greeks, as though they were about to fight to avoid enslavement; and since the Greek cities in Asia had already been enslaved, everyone supposed that those in Greece would also experience a similar fate.
§12.1.3τοῦ δὲ πολέμου παρὰ τὴν προσδοκίαν τὸ τέλος λαβόντος παράδοξον, οὐ μόνον τῶν κινδύνων ἀπελύθησαν οἱ τὴν Ἑλλάδα κατοικοῦντες, ἀλλὰ καὶ δόξαν μεγάλην κατεκτήσαντο, καὶ τοσαύτης εὐπορίας ἐπληρώθη πᾶσα πόλις Ἑλληνίς, ὥστε πάντας θαυμάσαι τὴν εἰς τοὐναντίον μεταβολήν.
But when the war, contrary to expectation, reached a surprising end, those inhabiting Greece were not only released from the dangers but also acquired great renown, and every Greek city was filled with such abundance that everyone marveled at the change to the opposite.
§12.1.4ἀπὸ τούτων γὰρ τῶν χρόνων ἐπὶ ἔτη πεντήκοντα πολλὴν ἐπίδοσιν ἔλαβεν ἡ Ἑλλὰς πρὸς τὴν εὐδαιμονίαν.
For from these times, for fifty years, Greece made great progress toward prosperity.
ἐν τούτοις γὰρ τοῖς χρόνοις αἵ τε τέχναι διὰ τὴν εὐπορίαν ηὐξήθησαν, καὶ τότε μέγιστοι μνημονεύονται τεχνῖται γεγονέναι, ὧν ἐστι Φειδίας ὁ ἀγαλματοποιός·
For during these times, the arts grew because of the abundance, and it is recorded that the greatest artists lived at that time, of whom Pheidias the sculptor is one.
ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τὰ κατὰ τὴν παιδείαν ἐπὶ πολὺ προέβη, καὶ φιλοσοφία προετιμήθη καὶ ῥητορικὴ παρὰ πᾶσι μὲν Ἕλλησι, μάλιστα δὲ Ἀθηναίοις.
Likewise, matters of education also advanced greatly, and philosophy and rhetoric were highly esteemed among all Greeks, but especially among the Athenians.
§12.1.5φιλόσοφοι μὲν γὰρ οἱ περὶ τὸν Σωκράτη καὶ Πλάτωνα καὶ Ἀριστοτέλην, ῥήτορες δὲ Περικλῆς καὶ Ἰσοκράτης καὶ οἱ τούτου μαθηταί· ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ ἄνδρες ἐπὶ στρατηγίᾳ διαβεβοημένοι, Μιλτιάδης, Θεμιστοκλῆς, Ἀριστείδης, Κίμων, Μυρωνίδης καὶ ἕτεροι πλείονες, περὶ ὧν μακρὸν ἂν εἴη γράφειν.
For as philosophers there were those around Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, and as rhetoricians, Pericles, Isocrates, and his disciples; likewise also men highly renowned for generalship, Miltiades, Themistocles, Aristeides, Cimon, Myronides, and many others, concerning whom it would be a long task to write.