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Diodorus Siculus · Bibliotheca Historica §11.17.1-11.17.4

Stratagem of Themistocles and Fleet Deployments at Salamis

Passage 18 of 723 · Greek

Summary

Through Themistocles' stratagem of feigning a Greek retreat, the Persian king decides on a naval battle and deploys his fleet at Salamis, while the Greeks, encouraged by the Ionians' secret promise of defection, resolve to fight.

§11.17.1ὁ δὲ Θεμιστοκλῆς ὁρῶν τὸν μὲν ναύαρχον Εὐρυβιάδην μὴ δυνάμενον περιγενέσθαι τῆς τοῦ πλήθους ὁρμῆς, τὰς δὲ περὶ Σαλαμῖνα δυσχωρίας δύνασθαι πολλὰ συμβαλέσθαι πρὸς τὴν νίκην, ἐμηχανήσατό τι τοιοῦτον· ἔπεισέ τινα πρὸς τὸν Ξέρξην αὐτομολῆσαι καὶ διαβεβαιώσασθαι, διότι μέλλουσιν αἱ κατὰ Σαλαμῖνα νῆες ἀποδιδράσκειν ἐκ τῶν τόπων καὶ πρὸς τὸν Ἰσθμὸν ἀθροίζεσθαι.
But Themistocles, seeing that the commander Eurybiades was unable to overcome the impulse of the multitude, and that the narrowness of the places around Salamis could contribute greatly to victory, devised a plan of this sort: he persuaded a certain man to desert to Xerxes and to assure him that the ships at Salamis were about to escape from the region and assemble at the Isthmus.
§11.17.2διόπερ ὁ βασιλεὺς διὰ τὴν πιθανότητα τῶν προσαγγελθέντων πιστεύσας, ἔσπευδε κωλῦσαι τὰς ναυτικὰς δυνάμεις τῶν Ἑλλήνων τοῖς πεζοῖς στρατοπέδοις πλησιάζειν.
Therefore the king, believing because of the plausibility of what had been reported, hastened to prevent the naval forces of the Greeks from joining the land armies.
εὐθὺς οὖν τὸ τῶν Αἰγυπτίων ναυτικὸν ἐξέπεμψε, προστάξας ἐμφράττειν τὸν μεταξὺ πόρον τῆς τε Σαλαμῖνος καὶ τῆς Μεγαρίδος χώρας.
Straightway, then, he sent out the fleet of the Egyptians, ordering them to block the strait between Salamis and the territory of Megaris.
τὸ δὲ ἄλλο πλῆθος τῶν νεῶν ἐξέπεμψεν ἐπὶ τὴν Σαλαμῖνα, προστάξας ἐξάπτεσθαι τῶν πολεμίων καὶ ναυμαχίᾳ κρίνειν τὸν ἀγῶνα.
The rest of the multitude of the ships he sent against Salamis, ordering them to engage the enemy and decide the contest by a sea-battle.
ἦσαν δὲ αἱ τριήρεις διατεταγμέναι κατὰ ἔθνος ἑξῆς, ἵνα διὰ τὴν ὁμοφωνίαν καὶ γνῶσιν προθύμως ἀλλήλοις βοηθῶσιν.
The triremes were drawn up in order by nation, so that through their common language and mutual acquaintance they might eagerly help one another.
§11.17.3οὕτω δὲ ταχθέντος τοῦ ναυτικοῦ στόλου, τὸ μὲν δεξιὸν κέρας ἐπεῖχον Φοίνικες, τὸ δʼ εὐώνυμον οἱ μετὰ τῶν Περσῶν ὄντες Ἕλληνες.
When the naval fleet had been drawn up in this manner, the Phoenicians held the right wing, and the Greeks who were with the Persians held the left.
οἱ δὲ τῶν Ἰώνων ἡγεμόνες ἀπέστειλαν ἄνδρα Σάμιον πρὸς τοὺς Ἕλληνας τὸν διασαφήσοντα περὶ τῶν δεδογμένων τῷ βασιλεῖ καὶ περὶ τῆς ὅλης ἐκτάξεως, καὶ διότι κατὰ τὴν μάχην ἀποστήσονται τῶν βαρβάρων.
But the commanders of the Ionians dispatched a Samian man to the Greeks to make clear the decisions of the king and the general deployment, and that during the battle they would revolt from the barbarians.
§11.17.4τοῦ δὲ Σαμίου λάθρᾳ διανηξαμένου καὶ περὶ τούτου διασαφήσαντος τοῖς περὶ τὸν Εὐρυβιάδην, ὁ μὲν Θεμιστοκλῆς, κατὰ νοῦν αὐτῷ προκεχωρηκότος τοῦ στρατηγήματος, περιχαρὴς ἦν καὶ τὰ πλήθη παρεκάλεσεν εἰς τὸν κίνδυνον, οἱ δʼ Ἕλληνες ἐπὶ τῇ τῶν Ἰώνων ἐπαγγελίᾳ θαρρήσαντες, καὶ τῆς περιστάσεως βιαζομένης αὐτοὺς παρὰ τὴν ἰδίαν προαίρεσιν ναυμαχεῖν, ἀπὸ τῆς Σαλαμῖνος προθύμως συγκατέβαινον εἰς τὴν ναυμαχίαν.
When the Samian had swum across secretly and made this clear to Eurybiades and his men, Themistocles, since his stratagem had succeeded according to his mind, was overjoyed and encouraged the multitudes to face the danger; and the Greeks, encouraged by the promise of the Ionians, and since the circumstances forced them to fight a sea-battle against their own choice, eagerly came down from Salamis to join the sea-battle.

Notes

  1. 11.17.1ὁρῶν τὸν μὲν ναύαρχον Εὐρυβιάδην μὴ δυνάμενον ... τὰς δὲ περὶ Σαλαμῖνα δυσχωρίας δύνασθαι — As complements of the participle ὁρῶν, the first part takes the 'noun + participle' construction (τὸν ... Εὐρυβιάδην μὴ δυνάμενον...), while the second part takes the 'accusative + infinitive' construction (τὰς ... δυσχωρίας δύνασθαι...). This is an example of two different syntactical structures coordinated under a verb of mental perception.
  2. 11.17.2κωλῦσαι τὰς ναυτικὰς δυνάμεις τῶν Ἑλλήνων τοῖς πεζοῖς στρατοπέδοις πλησιάζειν — The verb κωλύω takes the 'accusative + infinitive' construction, meaning 'to prevent [accusative: τὰς ναυτικὰς δυνάμεις...] from [infinitive: πλησιάζειν]'. The dative τοῖς πεζοῖς στρατοπέδοις is governed by the intransitive infinitive πλησιάζειν (to approach).
  3. 11.17.3τὸν διασαφήσοντα περὶ τῶν δεδογμένων τῷ βασιλεῖ καὶ περὶ τῆς ὅλης ἐκτάξεως, καὶ διότι κατὰ τὴν μάχην ἀποστήσονται τῶν βαρβάρων — The future participle τὸν διασαφήσοντα expresses purpose ('the one who would make clear...'). It governs both the prepositional phrases (περί...) and, coordinated by καί, the nominal clause introduced by διότι ('that they would revolt...').
  4. 11.17.4τῆς περιστάσεως βιαζομένης αὐτοὺς παρὰ τὴν ἰδίαν προαίρεσιν ναυμαχεῖν — Syntactical structure within the genitive absolute (τῆς περιστάσεως βιαζομένης 'circumstances forcing...'). The active/transitive βιάζομαι takes 'accusative (αὐτούς) + infinitive (ναυμαχεῖν)', meaning 'forcing them to fight a sea-battle', with the prepositional phrase παρὰ τὴν ἰδίαν προαίρεσιν ('contrary to their own purpose') modifying the infinitive.

Cite this passage

Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica §11.17.1-11.17.4. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.humanitext-grc4:11.17.1-11.17.4

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