§9.870ΑΘ. πάλιν δὴ πρῶτον περὶ τῶν τοιούτων εἰς δύναμιν εἴπωμεν ὁπόσα ἂν εἴη.
ATH. Let us indeed, first of all, speak as far as possible concerning these matters, of how many kinds they may be.
τὸ μὲν δὴ μέγιστον ἐπιθυμία κρατοῦσα ψυχῆς ἐξηγριωμένης ὑπὸ πόθων· τοῦτο δʼ ἐστὶν μάλιστα ἐνταῦθα οὗ πλεῖστός τε καὶ ἰσχυρότατος ἵμερος ὢν τυγχάνει τοῖς πολλοῖς, ἡ τῶν χρημάτων τῆς ἀπλήστου καὶ ἀπείρου κτήσεως ἔρωτας μυρίους ἐντίκτουσα δύναμις διὰ φύσιν τε καὶ ἀπαιδευσίαν τὴν κακήν.
The greatest indeed is desire ruling over a soul made savage by cravings; and this is found especially in that area where the greatest and most powerful longing happens to exist for the majority of people, namely, the power of greedy and limitless acquisition of wealth which engenders countless loves through nature and bad lack of education.
τῆς δὲ ἀπαιδευσίας ἡ τοῦ κακῶς ἐπαινεῖσθαι πλοῦτον αἰτία φήμη πρὸς τῶν Ἑλλήνων τε καὶ βαρβάρων· πρῶτον γὰρ τῶν ἀγαθῶν αὐτὸ προκρίνοντες, τρίτον ὄν, τούς τʼ ἐπιγιγνομένους λωβῶνται καὶ ἑαυτούς.
And the cause of this lack of education is the ill-praised reputation of wealth among both Greeks and barbarians; for by choosing it as the first of goods, though it is actually the third, they ruin both their descendants and themselves.
τὸ γὰρ ἀληθὲς λέγεσθαι περὶ τοῦ πλούτου κατὰ πόλεις πάσας πάντων κάλλιστον καὶ ἄριστον, ὡς ἕνεκα σώματός ἐστι, καὶ σῶμα ψυχῆς ἕνεκα· ἀγαθῶν μὲν οὖν ὄντων ὧν ἕνεκα ὁ πλοῦτος εἶναι πέφυκε, τρίτον ἂν εἴη μετὰ σώματος ἀρετὴν καὶ ψυχῆς.
For the truth to be spoken about wealth in all cities is the most beautiful and best of all, namely, that it is for the sake of the body, and the body is for the sake of the soul; if indeed there are goods for the sake of which wealth is naturally meant to exist, it would be the third after the virtue of the body and that of the soul.
διδάσκαλος οὖν ἂν ὁ λόγος οὗτος γίγνοιτο ὡς οὐ χρὴ πλουτεῖν ζητεῖν τὸν εὐδαίμονα ἐσόμενον, ἀλλὰ δικαίως πλουτεῖν καὶ σωφρόνως· καὶ φόνοι οὕτως οὐκ ἂν γίγνοιντο ἐν πόλεσιν φόνοις δεόμενοι καθαίρεσθαι.
Therefore, this argument would be a teacher that the one who is to be happy ought not to seek to be rich, but to be rich justly and temperately; and thus killings requiring purification by killings would not occur in cities.
νῦν δέ, ὅπερ ἀρχόμενοι τούτων εἴπομεν, ἓν μὲν τοῦτʼ ἐστὶ καὶ μέγιστον ὃ ποιεῖ φόνου ἑκουσίου τὰς μεγίστας δίκας.
But as it is, as we said when beginning these matters, this is one and the greatest cause that brings about the greatest penalties for voluntary murder.
δεύτερον δὲ φιλοτίμου ψυχῆς ἕξις, φθόνους ἐντίκτουσα, χαλεποὺς συνοίκους μάλιστα μὲν αὐτῷ τῷ κεκτημένῳ τὸν φθόνον, δευτέροις δὲ τοῖς ἀρίστοις τῶν ἐν τῇ πόλει.
Second is the state of an ambitious soul, engendering envies, which are troublesome housemates especially for the one who possesses the envy, and secondly for the best of those in the city.
τρίτον δὲ οἱ δειλοὶ καὶ ἄδικοι φόβοι πολλοὺς δὴ φόνους εἰσὶν ἐξειργασμένοι, ὅταν ᾖ τῳ πραττόμενα ἢ πεπραγμένα ἃ μηδένα βούλονταί σφισιν συνειδέναι γιγνόμενα ἢ γεγονότα· τοὺς οὖν τούτων μηνυτὰς ἀναιροῦσι θανάτοις, ὅταν ἄλλῳ μηδενὶ δύνωνται τρόπῳ.
Third, cowardly and unjust fears have indeed wrought many killings, whenever someone has actions in progress or completed which they wish no one to be conscious of as happening or having happened; so they do away with the informers of these things by death, when they can do so in no other way.
τούτων δὴ πάντων πέρι προοίμια μὲν εἰρημένα ταῦτʼ ἔστω, καὶ πρὸς τούτοις, ὃν καὶ πολλοὶ λόγον τῶν ἐν ταῖς τελεταῖς περὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐσπουδακότων ἀκούοντες σφόδρα πείθονται, τὸ τῶν τοιούτων τίσιν ἐν Ἅιδου γίγνεσθαι, καὶ πάλιν ἀφικομένοις δεῦρο ἀναγκαῖον εἶναι τὴν κατὰ φύσιν δίκην ἐκτεῖσαι, τὴν τοῦ παθόντος ἅπερ αὐτὸς ἔδρασεν, ὑπʼ ἄλλου τοιαύτῃ μοίρᾳ τελευτῆσαι τὸν τότε βίον.
Concerning all these matters, indeed, let these be spoken as prefaces; and in addition to these, there is a doctrine which many of those who are serious about such matters in the mysteries hear and firmly believe: that retribution for such things takes place in Hades, and when they come back here again, it is necessary to pay the natural penalty, namely, to suffer what one has himself done, and to end his life at that time by another person with such a fate.
§9.871ΑΘ. πειθομένῳ μὲν δὴ καὶ πάντως φοβουμένῳ ἐξ αὐτοῦ τοῦ προοιμίου τὴν τοιαύτην δίκην οὐδὲν δεῖ τὸν ἐπὶ τούτῳ νόμον ὑμνεῖν, ἀπειθοῦντι δὲ νόμος ὅδε εἰρήσθω τῇ γραφῇ· ὃς ἂν ἐκ προνοίας τε καὶ ἀδίκως ὁντιναοῦν τῶν ἐμφυλίων αὐτόχειρ κτείνῃ, πρῶτον μὲν τῶν νομίμων εἰργέσθω, μήτε ἱερὰ μήτε ἀγορὰν μήτε λιμένας μήτε ἄλλον κοινὸν σύλλογον μηδένα μιαίνων, ἐάντε τις ἀπαγορεύῃ τῷ δράσαντι ταῦτα ἀνθρώπων καὶ ἐὰν μή—ὁ γὰρ νόμος ἀπαγορεύει καὶ ἀπαγορεύων ὑπὲρ πάσης τῆς πόλεως ἀεὶ φαίνεταί τε καὶ φανεῖται —ὁ δὲ μὴ ἐπεξιὼν δέον, ἢ μὴ προαγορεύων εἴργεσθαι, τῶν ἐντὸς ἀνεψιότητος, πρὸς ἀνδρῶν τε καὶ γυναικῶν προσήκων τῷ τελευτήσαντι, πρῶτον μὲν τὸ μίασμα εἰς αὑτὸν καὶ τὴν τῶν θεῶν ἔχθραν δέχοιτο, ὡς ἡ τοῦ νόμου ἀρὰ τὴν φήμην προτρέπεται, τὸ δὲ δεύτερον ὑπόδικος τῷ ἐθέλοντι τιμωρεῖν ὑπὲρ τοῦ τελευτήσαντος γιγνέσθω.
ATH. For the one who is persuaded and altogether fears such retribution from the preface itself, there is no need at all to chant the law concerning this; but for the disobedient, let this law be spoken in writing: Whoever of premeditation and unjustly kills any of his fellow tribesmen with his own hand, let him first of all be excluded from customary rights, defiling neither temples, nor the marketplace, nor harbors, nor any other common assembly, whether anyone of men forbids this to the doer or not; for the law forbids it, and in forbidding it, always appears and will appear on behalf of the whole city. And the one who, when he ought, does not prosecute, or does not proclaim his exclusion, being within the relationship of cousinship, on both the male and female side, related to the deceased, let him first of all receive the pollution upon himself and the hostility of the gods, since the curse of the law incites the report; and secondly, let him be liable to prosecution by anyone who wishes to avenge the deceased.
ὁ δὲ ἐθέλων τιμωρεῖν, τῶν τε ἐπὶ τούτοις λουτρῶν φυλακῆς πέρι καὶ ὅσων ἂν ἑτέρων ὁ θεὸς περὶ ταῦτα νόμιμα παραδῷ, πάντα ἀποτελῶν, καὶ τὴν πρόρρησιν προαγορεύων, ἴτω ἀναγκάζων τὸν δράσαντα ὑπέχειν τὴν τῆς δίκης πρᾶξιν κατὰ νόμον.
And let the one who wishes to avenge, performing all things concerning the guarding of the baths for these matters and whatever other customary rites the god hands down concerning these things, and making the proclamation, go forward compelling the doer to submit to the execution of justice according to the law.
ταῦτα δὲ ὅτι μὲν γίγνεσθαι χρεών ἐστι διά τινων ἐπευχῶν καὶ θυσιῶν θεοῖς τισιν οἷς τῶν τοιούτων μέλει, φόνους μὴ γίγνεσθαι κατὰ πόλεις, ῥᾴδιον ἀποφαίνεσθαι νομοθέτῃ· τίνες δʼ εἰσὶν οἱ θεοὶ καὶ τίς ὁ τρόπος τῶν τοιούτων δικῶν τῆς εἰσαγωγῆς ὀρθότατα πρὸς τὸ θεῖον ἂν γιγνόμενος εἴη, νομοφύλακες μετʼ ἐξηγητῶν καὶ μάντεων καὶ τοῦ θεοῦ νομοθετησάμενοι, τὰς δίκας εἰσαγόντων ταύτας.
That it is necessary for these things to take place through certain prayers and sacrifices to certain gods who care about such matters, so that killings may not occur in cities, is easy for a legislator to show; but who the gods are, and what the manner of introducing such trials would be most correctly done in relation to the divine, let the law-guardians, having legislated together with the interpreters, prophets, and the god, introduce these trials.
δικαστὰς δὲ αὐτῶν εἶναι τοὺς αὐτοὺς οὕσπερ τοῖς τὰ ἱερὰ συλῶσιν διαδικάζειν ἐρρήθη κυρίως· ὁ δὲ ὀφλὼν θανάτῳ ζημιούσθω καὶ μὴ ἐν τῇ τοῦ παθόντος χώρᾳ θαπτέσθω, ἀναιδείας ἕνεκα πρὸς τῷ ἀσεβεῖν.
And let the judges of them be the same ones who were said to have authority to decide for those who rob temples; and let the one who is convicted be punished with death and not be buried in the land of the victim, on account of shamelessness in addition to impiety.
φυγὼν δὲ καὶ μὴ ʼθελήσας κρίσιν ὑποσχεῖν φευγέτω ἀειφυγίαν· ἐὰν δέ τις ἐπιβῇ που τῶν τῆς τοῦ φονευθέντος χώρας, ὁ προστυχὼν πρῶτος τῶν οἰκείων τοῦ ἀποθανόντος ἢ καὶ τῶν πολιτῶν ἀνατὶ κτεινέτω, ἢ δήσας τοῖς ἄρχουσι τῶν τὴν δίκην κρινάντων κτεῖναι παραδότω.
But if he flees and is unwilling to submit to judgment, let him flee in perpetual exile; and if anyone enters anywhere upon the land of the slain, let the first of the relatives of the deceased who meets him, or even of the citizens, kill him with impunity, or binding him, hand him over to the rulers of those who judged the trial to be killed.
ὁ δὲ ἐπισκηπτόμενος ἅμα καὶ κατεγγυάτω τὸν ᾧ ἂν ἐπισκήπτηται· ὁ δὲ παρεχέτω τοὺς ἐγγυητάς, ἀξιόχρεως οὓς ἂν ἡ τῶν περὶ ταῦτα δικαστῶν ἀρχὴ κρίνῃ, τρεῖς ἐγγυητὰς ἀξιόχρεως παρέξειν ἐγγυωμένους εἰς δίκην· ἐὰν δὲ ἢ μὴ ἐθέλῃ ἢ ἀδυνατῇ τις καθιστάναι, τὴν ἀρχὴν παραλαβοῦσαν δήσασαν φυλάττειν καὶ παρέχειν εἰς τὴν κρίσιν τῆς δίκης.
And let the one who accuses at the same time demand bail from the one whom he accuses; and let the defendant provide the guarantors, such worthy ones as the office of judges concerning these matters may decide, providing three worthy guarantors who guarantee for the trial; but if anyone is either unwilling or unable to establish them, let the office, taking him, bind and guard him, and produce him for the judgment of the trial.