§9.865ΑΘ. φόνου δὴ καθάπερ ἠρξάμεθα, πειρώμεθα διὰ τέλους παντὸς εἴδους πέρι φόνου θεῖναι τοὺς νόμους, καὶ πρῶτον μὲν τὰ βίαια καὶ ἀκούσια λέγωμεν.
ATH. Now indeed, concerning murder, just as we began, let us try to establish the laws through to the end concerning every kind of murder, and first let us speak of those that are violent and involuntary.
εἴ τις ἐν ἀγῶνι καὶ ἄθλοις δημοσίοις ἄκων, εἴτε παραχρῆμα εἴτε καὶ ἐν ὑστέροις χρόνοις ἐκ τῶν πληγῶν, ἀπέκτεινέν τινα φίλιον, ἢ κατὰ πόλεμον ὡσαύτως ἢ κατὰ μελέτην τὴν πρὸς πόλεμον, ποιουμένων ἄσκησιν ψιλοῖς σώμασιν ἢ μετά τινων ὅπλων ἀπομιμουμένων τὴν πολεμικὴν πρᾶξιν, καθαρθεὶς κατὰ τὸν ἐκ Δελφῶν κομισθέντα περὶ τούτων νόμον ἔστω καθαρός·
If anyone, in public games and contests, involuntarily—whether immediately or in later times from the blows—kills a friendly person, or likewise in war, or in training for war, while they are carrying out exercise with bare bodies or with certain weapons imitating military action, let him, having been purified according to the law brought from Delphi concerning these matters, be clean.
ἰατρῶν δὲ πέρι πάντων, ἂν ὁ θεραπευόμενος ὑπʼ αὐτῶν ἀκόντων τελευτᾷ, καθαρὸς ἔστω κατὰ νόμον.
And concerning all physicians, if the person being treated by them dies against their will, let the physician be clean according to law.
ἐὰν δὲ αὐτόχειρ μέν, ἄκων δὲ ἀποκτείνῃ τις ἕτερος ἕτερον, εἴτε τῷ ἑαυτοῦ σώματι ψιλῷ εἴτε ὀργάνῳ ἢ βέλει ἢ πώματος ἢ σίτου δόσει ἢ πυρὸς ἢ χειμῶνος προσβολῇ ἢ στερήσει πνεύματος, αὐτὸς τῷ ἑαυτοῦ σώματι ἢ διʼ ἑτέρων σωμάτων, πάντως ἔστω μὲν ὡς αὐτόχειρ, δίκας δὲ τινέτω τὰς τοιάσδε· ἐὰν μὲν δοῦλον κτείνῃ, νομίζων τὸν ἑαυτοῦ διειργάσθαι τὸν τοῦ τελευτήσαντος δεσπότην ἀβλαβῆ παρεχέτω καὶ ἀζήμιον, ἢ δίκην εἰς τὴν ἀξίαν τοῦ τελευτήσαντος ὑπεχέτω διπλῆν, τῆς δὲ ἀξίας οἱ δικασταὶ διάγνωσιν ποιείσθωσαν, καθαρμοῖς δὲ χρήσασθαι μείζοσίν τε καὶ πλείοσι τῶν περὶ τὰ ἆθλα ἀποκτεινάντων, τούτων δʼ ἐξηγητὰς εἶναι κυρίους οὓς ἂν ὁ θεὸς ἀνέλῃ·
And if someone, with his own hand but involuntarily, kills another—whether with his own bare body, or with an instrument, a missile, a dose of drink or food, an assault of fire or cold, or deprivation of breath, whether by his own body or through other bodies—let him by all means be treated as a direct killer, and let him pay penalties of the following kind: if he kills a slave, thinking that he has destroyed his own, let him render the master of the deceased free from harm and loss, or let him undergo a double penalty to the value of the deceased, and let the judges make an assessment of the value; and let him use purifications greater and more numerous than those who killed during the games, and over these, those interpreters whom the god designates shall be in authority.
ἐὰν δὲ αὑτοῦ δοῦλον, καθηράμενος ἀπαλλαττέσθω τοῦ φόνου κατὰ νόμον.
But if he kills his own slave, let him, having purified himself, be released from the murder according to law.
ἐὰν δέ τις ἐλεύθερον ἄκων ἀποκτείνῃ, τοὺς μὲν καθαρμοὺς τοὺς αὐτοὺς καθαρθήτω τῷ τὸν δοῦλον ἀποκτείναντι, παλαιὸν δέ τινα τῶν ἀρχαίων μύθων λεγόμενον μὴ ἀτιμαζέτω.
And if someone kills a free man involuntarily, let him be purified with the same purifications as the one who killed a slave, and let him not dishonor a certain ancient myth that is told.
λέγεται δὲ ὡς ὁ θανατωθεὶς ἄρα βιαίως, ἐν ἐλευθέρῳ φρονήματι βεβιωκώς, θυμοῦταί τε τῷ δράσαντι νεοθνὴς ὤν, καὶ φόβου καὶ δείματος ἅμα διὰ τὴν βίαιον πάθην αὐτὸς πεπληρωμένος, ὁρῶν τε τὸν ἑαυτοῦ φονέα ἐν τοῖς ἤθεσι τοῖς τῆς ἑαυτοῦ συνηθείας ἀναστρεφόμενον, δειμαίνει, καὶ ταραττόμενος αὐτὸς ταράττει κατὰ δύναμιν πᾶσαν τὸν δράσαντα, μνήμην σύμμαχον ἔχων, αὐτόν τε καὶ τὰς πράξεις αὐτοῦ.
For it is said that the one who has been put to death violently, having lived with a free spirit, is angry with the doer when newly dead, and being himself filled with fear and dread because of his violent suffering, when he sees his own murderer moving about in the haunts of his own familiar places, he is terrified; and being troubled himself, he troubles the doer with all his power, having memory as an ally, both the doer himself and his actions.
διὸ δὴ χρεών ἐστιν ἄρα ὑπεξελθεῖν τῷ παθόντι τὸν δράσαντα τὰς ὥρας πάσας τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ καὶ ἐρημῶσαι πάντας τοὺς οἰκείους τόπους συμπάσης τῆς πατρίδος·
Therefore, indeed, it is necessary for the doer to withdraw before the victim for all the seasons of a year, and to leave empty all the familiar places of his whole native land.
§9.866ΑΘ. ἐὰν δὲ ξένος ὁ τελευτήσας ᾖ, καὶ τῆς τοῦ ξένου χώρας εἰργέσθω τοὺς αὐτοὺς χρόνους.
ATH. And if the deceased is a stranger, let him also be barred from the stranger’s country for the same periods of time.
τούτῳ δὴ τῷ νόμῳ ἐὰν μὲν ἑκὼν πείθηταί τις, ὁ τοῦ τελευτήσαντος γένει ἐγγύτατα, ἐπίσκοπος ὢν τούτων πάντων γενομένων, ἐχέτω συγγνώμην τε καὶ ἄγων πρὸς αὐτὸν εἰρήνην μέτριος ἂν εἴη πάντως·
If anyone willingly obeys this law, the one nearest in kinship to the deceased, being an overseer of all these events, should show forgiveness, and by keeping peace with him, he would be moderate in every way.
ἐὰν δέ τις ἀπειθῇ καὶ πρῶτον μὲν ἀκάθαρτος ὢν εἰς τὰ ἱερὰ τολμᾷ πορεύεσθαι καὶ θύειν, ἔτι δὲ τοὺς χρόνους μὴ ἐθέλῃ πληροῦν ἀποξενούμενος τοὺς εἰρημένους, ὁ τοῦ τελευτήσαντος γένει ἐγγύτατα ἐπεξίτω μὲν φόνου τῷ κτείναντι, διπλᾶ δὲ πάντα ἔστω τὰ τιμωρήματα τῷ ὀφλόντι.
But if anyone disobeys, and first of all, being unpurified, dares to go into the temples and to sacrifice, and further does not wish to complete the stated times of exile, let the one nearest in kinship to the deceased prosecute the killer for murder, and let all the penalties be double for the one who is convicted.
ἐὰν δʼ ὁ προσήκων ἐγγύτατα μὴ ἐπεξίῃ τῷ παθήματι, τὸ μίασμα ὡς εἰς αὐτὸν περιεληλυθός, τοῦ παθόντος προστρεπομένου τὴν πάθην, ὁ βουλόμενος ἐπεξελθὼν τούτῳ δίκην, πέντε ἔτη ἀποσχέσθαι τῆς αὑτοῦ πατρίδος ἀναγκαζέτω κατὰ νόμον.
And if the nearest relative does not prosecute the deed, the pollution having devolved upon him, since the victim demands vengeance for his suffering, let anyone who wishes prosecute this relative, and let him compel him, according to law, to keep away from his own native land for five years.
ἐὰν δὲ ξένος ἄκων ξένον κτείνῃ τῶν ἐν τῇ πόλει, ἐπεξίτω μὲν ὁ βουλόμενος ἐπὶ τοῖς αὐτοῖς νόμοις, μέτοικος δὲ ὢν ἀπενιαυτησάτω, ξένος δὲ ἂν ᾖ παντάπασιν, πρὸς τῷ καθαρμῷ, ἐάντε ξένον ἐάντε μέτοικον ἐάντε ἀστὸν κτείνῃ, τὸν βίον ἅπαντα τῆς χώρας τῆς τῶν νόμων τῶνδε κυρίας εἰργέσθω·
And if a stranger involuntarily kills a stranger among those in the city, let anyone who wishes prosecute on the basis of the same laws; and if he is a resident alien, let him go into exile for a year, but if he is a complete stranger, in addition to the purification, whether he kills a stranger, a resident alien, or a citizen, let him be barred for his whole life from the country over which these laws have authority.
ἐὰν δʼ ἔλθῃ παρανόμως, οἱ νομοφύλακες θανάτῳ ζημιούντων αὐτόν, καὶ ἐὰν ἔχῃ οὐσίαν τινά, τῷ τοῦ παθόντος ἐγγύτατα γένει παραδιδόντων.
But if he returns unlawfully, let the guardians of the laws punish him with death, and if he has any property, let them hand it over to the nearest relative of the victim.
ἐὰν δὲ ἄκων ἔλθῃ, ἂν μὲν κατὰ θάλατταν ἐκπίπτῃ πρὸς τὴν χώραν, σκηνησάμενος ἐν θαλάττῃ τέγγων τοὺς πόδας πλοῦν ἐπιφυλαττέτω, κατὰ γῆν δὲ ἂν βίᾳ ὑπό τινων ἀχθῇ, ἡ πρώτη προστυχοῦσα ἀρχὴ τῶν ἐν τῇ πόλει λύσασα, εἰς τὴν ὑπερορίαν ἐκπεμπέτω ἄσυλον.
And if he arrives involuntarily—if indeed he is cast ashore by sea upon the land, let him, having encamped in the sea with his feet wet, watch for a voyage; but if he is brought by force by certain persons by land, let the first authority of those in the city who meets him release him and send him out of the borders unharmed.
ἐὰν δʼ ἄρα τις αὐτόχειρ μὲν κτείνῃ ἐλεύθερον, θυμῷ δὲ ᾖ τὸ πεπραγμένον ἐκπραχθέν, διχῇ δεῖ πρῶτον τὸ τοιοῦτον διαλαβεῖν.
And if someone, with his own hand, kills a free man, but the deed is done in anger, we must first divide such a case in two.
θυμῷ γὰρ δὴ πέπρακται καὶ τοῖς ὅσοι ἂν ἐξαίφνης μὲν καὶ ἀπροβουλεύτως τοῦ ἀποκτεῖναι πληγαῖς ἤ τινι τοιούτῳ διαφθείρωσί τινα παραχρῆμα τῆς ὁρμῆς γενομένης, μεταμέλειά τε εὐθὺς τοῦ πεπραγμένου γίγνηται, θυμῷ δὲ καὶ ὅσοι προπηλακισθέντες λόγοις ἢ καὶ ἀτίμοις ἔργοις, μεταδιώκοντες τὴν τιμωρίαν, ὕστερον ἀποκτείνωσί τινα βουληθέντες κτεῖναι καὶ τὸ πεπραγμένον αὐτοῖς ἀμεταμέλητον γίγνηται.
For indeed, a deed has been done in anger both by those who suddenly and without premeditation to kill, destroy someone by blows or some such thing on the spot, the impulse occurring immediately, and regret for the deed arises straightway; and also in anger by those who, having been insulted by words or even by dishonorable deeds, while pursuing vengeance, later kill someone with a wish to kill, and no regret for their deed arises in them.