§8.846ΑΘ. περὶ δὲ συγκομιδῆς τῶν ὡραίων ἁπάντων, ἐξέστω τῷ βουλομένῳ τὸ ἑαυτοῦ διὰ παντὸς τόπου κομίζεσθαι, ὅπῃπερ ἂν ἢ μηδὲν μηδένα ζημιοῖ ἢ τριπλάσιον αὐτὸς κέρδος τῆς τοῦ γείτονος ζημίας κερδαίνῃ, τούτων δὲ ἐπιγνώμονας τοὺς ἄρχοντας γίγνεσθαι, καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων ὅσα τις ἂν ἑκὼν ἄκοντα βλάπτῃ βίᾳ ἢ λάθρᾳ, αὐτὸν ἢ τῶν αὐτοῦ τι, διὰ τῶν αὑτοῦ κτημάτων, πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτα τοῖς ἄρχουσιν ἐπιδεικνὺς τιμωρείσθω, μέχρι τριῶν μνῶν ὄντος τοῦ βλάβους·
ATH. And concerning the transport of all autumn crops, let it be permitted to anyone who wishes to carry his own through any place, in whatever way he either does no damage to anyone or gains for himself threefold profit compared to the neighbor's damage; and let the officials be judges of these things, and of all other things in which anyone willingly damages another against his will, by force or secretly, either the person himself or something of his, through his own property; demonstrating all such things to the officials, let him obtain damages, as long as the damage is up to three minas.
ἐὰν δʼ ἔγκλημά τῳ μεῖζον ἄλλῳ πρὸς ἄλλον γίγνηται, πρὸς τὰ κοινὰ δικαστήρια φέρων τὴν δίκην τιμωρείσθω τὸν ἀδικοῦντα.
But if anyone has a greater complaint against another, bringing the suit to the public courts, let him punish the wrongdoer.
ἐὰν δέ τις τῶν ἀρχόντων δοκῇ μετʼ ἀδίκου γνώμης κρίνειν τὰς ζημίας, τῶν διπλασίων ὑπόδικος ἔστω τῷ βλαφθέντι· τὰ δὲ αὖ τῶν ἀρχόντων ἀδικήματα εἰς τὰ κοινὰ δικαστήρια ἐπανάγειν τὸν βουλόμενον ἑκάστων τῶν ἐγκλημάτων.
And if any of the officials seems to judge the damages with an unjust mind, let him be liable to double the amount to the injured party; and let anyone who wishes refer the injustices of the officials for each of the complaints to the public courts.
μυρία δὲ ταῦτα ὄντα καὶ σμικρὰ νόμιμα, καθʼ ἃ δεῖ τὰς τιμωρίας γίγνεσθαι, λήξεών τε πέρι δικῶν καὶ προσκλήσεων καὶ κλητήρων, εἴτʼ ἐπὶ δυοῖν εἴτʼ ἐφʼ ὁπόσων δεῖ καλεῖσθαι, καὶ πάντα ὁπόσα τοιαῦτά ἐστιν, οὔτʼ ἀνομοθέτητα οἷόν τʼ εἶναι γέροντός τε οὐκ ἄξια νομοθέτου, νομοθετούντων δʼ αὐτὰ οἱ νέοι πρὸς τὰ τῶν πρόσθεν νομοθετήματα ἀπομιμούμενοι, σμικρὰ πρὸς μεγάλα, καὶ τῆς ἀναγκαίας αὐτῶν χρείας ἐμπείρως ἴσχοντες, μέχριπερ ἂν πάντα ἱκανῶς δόξῃ κεῖσθαι· τότε δὲ ἀκίνητα ποιησάμενοι, ζώντων τούτοις ἤδη χρώμενοι μέτρον ἔχουσι.
And as these small regulations are countless, according to which punishments must take place, both concerning the filing of lawsuits and summonses and witnesses, whether one must be summoned by two or by how many, and all such things, it is neither possible to leave them unlegislated nor is it worthy of an old legislator to legislate them; but let the young legislate them, imitating the previous legislations, comparing small with great, and having experience of their necessary use, until everything seems to be sufficiently established; and then, having made them unalterable, living by using them, let them have their measure.
τὸ δὲ τῶν ἄλλων δημιουργῶν ποιεῖν χρὴ κατὰ τόδε.
And concerning the other craftsmen, one must act as follows.
πρῶτον μὲν ἐπιχώριος μηδεὶς ἔστω τῶν περὶ τὰ δημιουργικὰ τεχνήματα διαπονούντων, μηδὲ οἰκέτης ἀνδρὸς ἐπιχωρίου.
First, let no native be among those who labor at the crafts, nor any servant of a native man.
τέχνην γὰρ ἱκανήν, πολλῆς ἀσκήσεως ἅμα καὶ μαθημάτων πολλῶν δεομένην, κέκτηται πολίτης ἀνὴρ τὸν κοινὸν τῆς πόλεως κόσμον σῴζων καὶ κτώμενος, οὐκ ἐν παρέργῳ δεόμενον ἐπιτηδεύειν· δύο δὲ ἐπιτηδεύματα ἢ δύο τέχνας ἀκριβῶς διαπονεῖσθαι σχεδὸν οὐδεμία φύσις ἱκανὴ τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων, οὐδʼ αὖ τὴν μὲν αὐτὸς ἱκανὸς ἀσκεῖν, τὴν δὲ ἄλλον ἀσκοῦντα ἐπιτροπεύειν.
For a citizen man possesses a sufficient craft, requiring much practice and many studies at the same time, in preserving and acquiring the common order of the city, which he must not practice as a side-line; and almost no human nature is sufficient to practice two occupations or two crafts accurately, nor indeed is anyone sufficient to practice one himself and oversee another practicing another.
§8.847ΑΘ. τοῦτʼ οὖν ἐν πόλει ὑπάρχον δεῖ πρῶτον γίγνεσθαι·
ATH.
μηδεὶς χαλκεύων ἅμα τεκταινέσθω, μηδʼ αὖ τεκταινόμενος χαλκευόντων ἄλλων ἐπιμελείσθω μᾶλλον ἢ τῆς αὑτοῦ τέχνης, πρόφασιν ἔχων ὡς πολλῶν οἰκετῶν ἐπιμελούμενος ἑαυτῷ δημιουργούντων, εἰκότως μᾶλλον ἐπιμελεῖται διʼ ἐκείνων διὰ τὸ τὴν πρόσοδον ἐκεῖθεν αὑτῷ πλείω γίγνεσθαι τῆς αὑτοῦ τέχνης, ἀλλʼ εἷς μίαν ἕκαστος τέχνην ἐν πόλει κεκτημένος ἀπὸ ταύτης ἅμα καὶ τὸ ζῆν κτάσθω.
This, therefore, must first be established in the city: let no one work as a blacksmith and at the same time as a carpenter, nor again, while being a carpenter, let him care for others working as blacksmiths rather than for his own craft, having the excuse that by managing many servants who work for him, he naturally cares more through them because the income from there is greater for him than that from his own craft; but let each individual in the city possess one craft and at the same time gain his livelihood from this.
τοῦτον δὴ τὸν νόμον ἀστυνόμοι διαπονούμενοι σῳζόντων, καὶ τὸν μὲν ἐπιχώριον, ἐὰν εἴς τινα τέχνην ἀποκλίνῃ μᾶλλον ἢ τὴν τῆς ἀρετῆς ἐπιμέλειαν, κολαζόντων ὀνείδεσί τε καὶ ἀτιμίαις, μέχριπερ ἂν κατευθύνωσιν εἰς τὸν αὑτοῦ δρόμον, ξένων δὲ ἄν τις ἐπιτηδεύῃ δύο τέχνας, δεσμοῖσί τε καὶ χρημάτων ζημίαις καὶ ἐκβολαῖς ἐκ τῆς πόλεως κολάζοντες, ἀναγκαζόντων ἕνα μόνον ἀλλὰ μὴ πολλοὺς εἶναι.
Let the city-stewards guard this law by working hard on it, and if any native inclines toward any craft rather than the care of virtue, let them punish him with reproaches and dishonor, until they direct him to his own course; but if any of the strangers practices two crafts, punishing him with bonds and fines and expulsion from the city, let them compel him to be one only and not many.
μισθῶν δὲ αὐτοῖς πέρι καὶ τῶν ἀναιρέσεων τῶν ἔργων, καὶ ἐάν τις αὐτοὺς ἕτερος ἢ ʼκεῖνοί τινα ἄλλον ἀδικῶσι, μέχρι δραχμῶν πεντήκοντα ἀστυνόμοι διαδικαζόντων, τὸ δὲ πλέον τούτου τὰ κοινὰ δικαστήρια διακρινόντων κατὰ νόμον.
And concerning their wages and the undertakings of works, and if anyone else wrongs them or they wrong another, let the city-stewards judge up to fifty drachmas, but for more than this, let the public courts decide according to the law.
τέλος δὲ ἐν τῇ πόλει μηδένα μηδὲν τελεῖν μήτε ἐξαγομένων χρημάτων μήτʼ εἰσαγομένων· λιβανωτὸν δὲ καὶ ὅσα πρὸς θεοὺς τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐστὶν ξενικὰ θυμιάματα, καὶ πορφύραν καὶ ὅσα βαπτὰ χρώματα, μὴ φερούσης τῆς χώρας, ἢ περί τινα ἄλλην τέχνην δεομένην ξενικῶν τινων εἰσαγωγίμων μηδενὸς ἀναγκαίου χάριν μήτε τις ἀγέτω, μήτε αὖ τῶν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ ἀναγκαίων ἐμμένειν ἐξαγέτω· τούτων δʼ αὖ πάντων ἐπιγνώμονας εἶναι καὶ ἐπιμελητὰς τῶν νομοφυλάκων, πέντε ἀφαιρεθέντων τῶν πρεσβυτέρων, τοὺς ἑξῆς δώδεκα.
And finally, let no one pay any duty in the city, either on exported goods or on imported goods; and as for frankincense and all such foreign incense for the gods, and purple and all dyed colors, which the land does not produce, or concerning any other craft requiring any foreign imports for no necessary purpose, let no one import them, nor again export any of the necessary things that must remain in the land; and of all these things let the next twelve of the law-wardens be judges and supervisors, after the five oldest have been excluded.
περὶ δὲ ὅπλων καὶ ὅσα περὶ τὸν πόλεμον ἅπαντα ὄργανα, ἐάν τινος ἢ τέχνης εἰσαγωγίμου δέῃ γίγνεσθαι ἢ φυτοῦ ἢ μεταλλευτικοῦ κτήματος ἢ δεσμευτικοῦ ἢ ζῴων τινῶν ἕνεκα τῆς τοιαύτης χρείας, ἵππαρχοι καὶ στρατηγοὶ τούτων ἔστωσαν κύριοι εἰσαγωγῆς τε καὶ ἐξαγωγῆς, διδούσης τε ἅμα καὶ δεχομένης τῆς πόλεως, νόμους δὲ περὶ τούτων νομοφύλακες τοὺς πρέποντάς τε καὶ ἱκανοὺς θήσουσι· καπηλείαν δὲ ἕνεκα χρηματισμῶν μήτε οὖν τούτου μήτε ἄλλου μηδενὸς ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ ὅλῃ καὶ πόλει ἡμῖν γίγνεσθαι.
And concerning weapons and all instruments concerning war, if there is a need for some imported craft or plant or mining property or binding material or certain animals for such use, let the generals and cavalry commanders be in charge of their import and export, the city at the same time giving and receiving, and let the law-wardens establish the appropriate and sufficient laws concerning these; but let no retail trade for the sake of money-making take place in our whole land and city, either for this or for any other purpose.
τροφῆς δὲ καὶ διανομῆς τῶν ἐκ τῆς χώρας ἐγγὺς τῆς τοῦ Κρητικοῦ νόμου ἔοικεν ὀρθότης ἄν τις γιγνομένη κατὰ τρόπον γίγνεσθαι.
And concerning the nourishment and distribution of the products of the land, it seems that if a certain correctness close to the Cretan law should arise, it would happen in a proper way.
δώδεκα μὲν γὰρ δὴ μέρη τὰ πάντα ἐκ τῆς χώρας γιγνόμενα νέμειν χρεὼν πάντας, ᾗπερ καὶ ἀναλωτέα·
For indeed, everyone must distribute all things produced from the land into twelve parts, in the way they must also be consumed;