§5.735ΑΘ. καθάπερ οὖν δή τινα συνυφὴν ἢ καὶ πλέγμʼ ἄλλʼ ὁτιοῦν, οὐκ ἐκ τῶν αὐτῶν οἷόν τʼ ἐστὶν τήν τε ἐφυφὴν καὶ τὸν στήμονα ἀπεργάζεσθαι, διαφέρειν δʼ ἀναγκαῖον τὸ τῶν στημόνων πρὸς ἀρετὴν γένος—ἰσχυρόν τε γὰρ καί τινα βεβαιότητα ἐν τοῖς τρόποις εἰληφός, τὸ δὲ μαλακώτερον καὶ ἐπιεικείᾳ τινὶ δικαίᾳ χρώμενον—ὅθεν δὴ τοὺς τὰς ἀρχὰς ἐν ταῖς πόλεσιν ἄρξοντας δεῖ διακρίνεσθαί τινα τρόπον ταύτῃ καὶ τοὺς σμικρᾷ παιδείᾳ βασανισθέντας ἑκάστοτε κατὰ λόγον.
ATH.: Just as, then, in some weaving or any other kind of webbing, it is not possible to work both the weft and the warp from the same materials, but it is necessary that the class of warp-yarns should excel with respect to virtue—for it is strong and has received a certain stability in its character, while the other is softer and uses a certain righteous flexibility—whence indeed those who are to rule in the cities, and those who have been tested on each occasion by a little education, must be distinguished in some way according to this proportion.
ἐστὸν γὰρ δὴ δύο πολιτείας εἴδη, τὸ μὲν ἀρχῶν καταστάσεις ἑκάστοις, τὸ δὲ νόμοι ταῖς ἀρχαῖς ἀποδοθέντες.
For there are indeed two forms of constitution: one is the establishment of offices for each, and the other is the laws given to the offices.
τὸ δὲ πρὸ τούτων ἁπάντων δεῖ διανοεῖσθαι τὰ τοιάδε.
But before all these things, one must think of the following.
πᾶσαν ἀγέλην ποιμὴν καὶ βουκόλος τροφεύς τε ἵππων καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα τοιαῦτα παραλαβών, οὐκ ἄλλως μή ποτε ἐπιχειρήσει θεραπεύειν ἢ πρῶτον μὲν τὸν ἑκάστῃ προσήκοντα καθαρμὸν καθαρεῖ τῇ συνοικήσει, διαλέξας δὲ τά τε ὑγιῆ καὶ τὰ μὴ καὶ τὰ γενναῖα καὶ ἀγεννῆ, τὰ μὲν ἀποπέμψει πρὸς ἄλλας τινὰς ἀγέλας, τὰ δὲ θεραπεύσει, διανοούμενος ὡς μάταιος ἂν ὁ πόνος εἴη καὶ ἀνήνυτος περί τε σῶμα καὶ ψυχάς, ἃς φύσις καὶ πονηρὰ τροφὴ διεφθαρκυῖα προσαπόλλυσιν τὸ τῶν ὑγιῶν καὶ ἀκηράτων ἠθῶν τε καὶ σωμάτων γένος ἐν ἑκάστοις τῶν κτημάτων, ἄν τις τὰ ὑπάρχοντα μὴ διακαθαίρηται.
A shepherd or cowherd, or a breeder of horses, or anyone else who has received such a herd, will never attempt to care for it in any other way than first purifying the collective dwelling with the purification appropriate to each, and after selecting the healthy and unhealthy, the well-bred and ill-bred, sending the former away to some other herds, and caring for the latter, thinking that his labor would be vain and fruitless concerning both body and souls which nature and bad rearing have corrupted and further destroy the class of healthy and pure characters and bodies in each of the possessions, unless one thoroughly purifies what is at hand.
τὰ μὲν δὴ τῶν ἄλλων ζῴων ἐλάττων τε σπουδὴ καὶ παραδείγματος ἕνεκα μόνον ἄξια παραθέσθαι τῷ λόγῳ, τὰ δὲ τῶν ἀνθρώπων σπουδῆς τῆς μεγίστης τῷ τε νομοθέτῃ διερευνᾶσθαι καὶ φράζειν τὸ προσῆκον ἑκάστοις καθαρμοῦ τε πέρι καὶ συμπασῶν τῶν ἄλλων πράξεων.
Now, the affairs of other animals are of lesser importance and are worthy of being presented in the argument only for the sake of example; but those of human beings require the greatest care for the legislator to search out and to declare what is appropriate for each concerning both purification and all other actions.
αὐτίκα γὰρ τὸ περὶ καθαρμοὺς πόλεως ὧδʼ ἔχον ἂν εἴη· πολλῶν οὐσῶν τῶν διακαθάρσεων αἱ μὲν ῥᾴους εἰσίν, αἱ δὲ χαλεπώτεραι, καὶ τὰς μὲν τύραννος μὲν ὢν καὶ νομοθέτης ὁ αὐτός, ὅσαι χαλεπαί τʼ εἰσὶν καὶ ἄρισται, δύναιτʼ ἂν καθῆραι, νομοθέτης δὲ ἄνευ τυραννίδος καθιστὰς πολιτείαν καινὴν καὶ νόμους, εἰ καὶ τὸν πρᾳότατον τῶν καθαρμῶν καθήρειεν, ἀγαπώντως ἂν καὶ τὸ τοιοῦτον δράσειεν.
For example, the matter concerning the purifications of a city would be as follows: of the many purifications, some are easier, some more difficult, and those that are difficult and best, a tyrant who is also a legislator could perform; but a legislator establishing a new constitution and laws without tyranny, even if he should purify with the gentlest of purifications, would perform such a thing with content.
ἔστι δʼ ὁ μὲν ἄριστος ἀλγεινός, καθάπερ ὅσα τῶν φαρμάκων τοιουτότροπα, ὁ τῇ δίκῃ μετὰ τιμωρίας εἰς τὸ κολάζειν ἄγων, θάνατον ἢ φυγὴν τῇ τιμωρίᾳ τὸ τέλος ἐπιτιθείς· τοὺς γὰρ μέγιστα ἐξημαρτηκότας, ἀνιάτους δὲ ὄντας, μεγίστην δὲ οὖσαν βλάβην πόλεως, ἀπαλλάττειν εἴωθεν.
The best purification is painful, just as those medicines of such a kind, leading through justice with punishment to correction, imposing death or exile as the end of the punishment; for those who have sinned most, being incurable, and being the greatest harm to the city, it is customary to rid oneself of them.
§5.736ΑΘ. ὁ δὲ πρᾳότερός ἐστι τῶν καθαρμῶν ὁ τοιόσδε ἡμῖν· ὅσοι διὰ τὴν τῆς τροφῆς ἀπορίαν τοῖς ἡγεμόσιν ἐπὶ τὰ τῶν ἐχόντων μὴ ἔχοντες ἑτοίμους αὑτοὺς ἐνδείκνυνται παρεσκευακότες ἕπεσθαι, τούτοις ὡς νοσήματι πόλεως ἐμπεφυκότι, διʼ εὐφημίας ἀπαλλαγήν, ὄνομα ἀποικίαν τιθέμενος, εὐμενῶς ὅτι μάλιστα ἐξεπέμψατο.
ATH.: But the gentler of the purifications is of the following kind for us: as many as, through lack of food, show themselves ready to follow their leaders against the property of those who have, having nothing, to these, as a disease inbred in the city, the legislator, putting the name "colony" as a riddance through euphemism, sends them out as favorably as possible.
παντὶ μὲν οὖν νομοθετοῦντι τοῦτο ἁμῶς γέ πως κατʼ ἀρχὰς δραστέον, ἡμῖν μὴν ἔτι τούτων ἀκοπώτερα τὰ περὶ ταῦτʼ ἐστὶ συμβεβηκότα νῦν·
Now, every legislator must do this in some way or other at the beginning; however, for us, the things concerning these are even less troublesome as it happens now.
οὔτε γὰρ ἀποικίαν οὔτʼ ἐκλογήν τινα καθάρσεως δεῖ μηχανᾶσθαι πρὸς τὸ παρόν, οἷον δέ τινων συρρεόντων ἐκ πολλῶν τὰ μὲν πηγῶν τὰ δὲ χειμάρρων εἰς μίαν λίμνην, ἀναγκαῖον προσέχοντας τὸν νοῦν φυλάττειν ὅπως ὅτι καθαρώτατον ἔσται τὸ συρρέον ὕδωρ, τὰ μὲν ἐξαντλοῦντας, τὰ δʼ ἀποχετεύοντας καὶ παρατρέποντας.
For we need to devise neither a colony nor any selection for purification at present; but just as some waters flowing together from many, on the one hand from springs and on the other from torrents, into a single lake, it is necessary to watch with attention so that the inflowing water may be as pure as possible, draining off some, and filtering and diverting others.
πόνος δʼ, ὡς ἔοικεν, καὶ κίνδυνός ἐστιν ἐν πάσῃ κατασκευῇ πολιτικῇ.
There is labor, as it seems, and danger in every political construction.
τὰ δʼ ἐπείπερ λόγῳ γʼ ἐστὶν τὰ νῦν ἀλλʼ οὐκ ἔργῳ πραττόμενα, πεπεράνθω τε ἡμῖν ἡ συλλογὴ καὶ κατὰ νοῦν ἡ καθαρότης αὐτῆς ἔστω συμβεβηκυῖα· τοὺς γὰρ κακοὺς τῶν ἐπιχειρούντων εἰς τὴν νῦν πόλιν ὡς πολιτευσομένους συνιέναι πειθοῖ πάσῃ καὶ ἱκανῷ χρόνῳ διαβασανίσαντες, διακωλύσωμεν ἀφικνεῖσθαι, τοὺς δʼ ἀγαθοὺς εἰς δύναμιν εὐμενεῖς ἵλεῴ τε προσαγώμεθα.
But since these things are now being done in speech and not in deed, let our collection be completed, and let its purity be achieved according to our mind; for the bad among those who attempt to gather into the present city as citizens, we shall prevent from arriving, after testing them with all persuasion and sufficient time; but the good we shall bring in as favorably and graciously as possible.
τόδε δὲ μὴ λανθανέτω γιγνόμενον ἡμᾶς εὐτύχημα, ὅτι καθάπερ εἴπομεν τὴν τῶν Ἡρακλειδῶν ἀποικίαν εὐτυχεῖν, ὡς γῆς καὶ χρεῶν ἀποκοπῆς καὶ νομῆς πέρι δεινὴν καὶ ἐπικίνδυνον ἔριν ἐξέφυγεν, ἣν νομοθετεῖσθαι ἀναγκασθείσῃ πόλει τῶν ἀρχαίων οὔτε ἐᾶν οἷόν τε ἀκίνητον οὔτʼ αὖ κινεῖν δυνατόν ἐστί τινα τρόπον, εὐχὴ δὲ μόνον ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν λείπεται, καὶ σμικρὰ μετάβασις εὐλαβὴς ἐν πολλῷ χρόνῳ σμικρὸν μεταβιβάζουσιν, ἥδε· τῶν κινούντων ἀεὶ κεκτημένων μὲν αὐτῶν γῆν ἄφθονον ὑπάρχειν, κεκτημένων δὲ καὶ ὀφειλέτας αὑτοῖς πολλοὺς ἐθελόντων τε τούτων πῃ τοῖς ἀπορουμένοις διʼ ἐπιείκειαν κοινωνεῖν, τὰ μὲν ἀφιέντας, τὰ δὲ νεμομένους, ἁμῇ γέ πῃ τῆς μετριότητος ἐχομένους καὶ πενίαν ἡγουμένους εἶναι μὴ τὸ τὴν οὐσίαν ἐλάττω ποιεῖν ἀλλὰ τὸ τὴν ἀπληστίαν πλείω.
And let this good fortune not escape our notice, that just as we said the colony of the Heracleidae was fortunate, because it escaped the terrible and dangerous strife concerning the division of land and the canceling of debts, which a city forced to legislate among ancient peoples can neither leave unmoved nor is it possible to move in any way, so that only a prayer, so to speak, is left, and a small, cautious transition in a long time, moving them a little, which is this: that those who move them always happen to possess abundant land themselves, and possess many debtors to themselves, and are willing through flexibility to share in some way with those in need, releasing some debts and distributing others, clinging in some way to moderation and thinking that poverty is not the making of property smaller, but the making of greed greater.