§3.699ΑΘ. προϊόντος δὲ τοῦ χρόνου, Δαρεῖος μὲν τεθνάναι ἐλέχθη, νέος δὲ καὶ σφοδρὸς ὁ ὑὸς αὐτοῦ παρειληφέναι τὴν ἀρχὴν καὶ οὐδαμῶς ἀφίστασθαι τῆς ὁρμῆς.
As time went on, Darius was said to have died, and his young and impetuous son to have taken over the rule and in no way to stand aloof from his impulse.
οἱ δὲ Ἀθηναῖοι πᾶν τοῦτο ᾤοντο ἐπὶ σφᾶς αὐτοὺς παρασκευάζεσθαι διὰ τὸ Μαραθῶνι γενόμενον, καὶ ἀκούοντες Ἄθων τε διορυττόμενον καὶ Ἑλλήσποντον ζευγνύμενον καὶ τὸ τῶν νεῶν πλῆθος, ἡγήσαντο οὔτε κατὰ γῆν σφίσιν εἶναι σωτηρίαν οὔτε κατὰ θάλατταν·
The Athenians thought that all this preparation was directed against themselves because of what had happened at Marathon, and hearing that Athos was being dug through and the Hellespont bridged and of the multitude of the ships, they deemed that there was salvation for them neither by land nor by sea.
οὔτε γὰρ βοηθήσειν αὑτοῖς οὐδένα—μεμνημένοι ὡς οὐδʼ ὅτε τὸ πρότερον ἦλθον καὶ τὰ περὶ Ἐρέτριαν διεπράξαντο, σφίσι γε οὐδεὶς τότε ἐβοήθησεν οὐδʼ ἐκινδύνευσεν συμμαχόμενος·
For they thought no one would help them—remembering how, not even when the enemy came the previous time and accomplished their deeds concerning Eretria, did anyone then help them or run risks fighting as an ally.
ταὐτὸν δὴ προσεδόκων καὶ τότε γενήσεσθαι τό γε κατὰ γῆν—καὶ κατὰ θάλατταν δʼ αὖ πᾶσαν ἀπορίαν ἑώρων σωτηρίας, νεῶν χιλίων καὶ ἔτι πλεόνων ἐπιφερομένων.
They expected indeed that the same would happen then, at least as regards the land—and on the other hand, as regards the sea, they saw an absolute lack of salvation, with more than a thousand ships bearing down upon them.
μίαν δὴ σωτηρίαν συνενόουν, λεπτὴν μὲν καὶ ἄπορον, μόνην δʼ οὖν, βλέψαντες πρὸς τὸ πρότερον γενόμενον, ὡς ἐξ ἀπόρων καὶ τότε ἐφαίνετο γενέσθαι τὸ νικῆσαι μαχομένους·
They conceived of indeed one salvation, thin and helpless, but nevertheless the only one, looking back to what had happened previously, how from helpless circumstances even then it had seemed possible to gain victory by fighting.
ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς ἐλπίδος ὀχούμενοι ταύτης ηὕρισκον καταφυγὴν αὑτοῖς εἰς αὑτοὺς μόνους εἶναι καὶ τοὺς θεούς.
Riding upon this hope, they found that their refuge lay in themselves alone and in the gods.
ταῦτʼ οὖν αὐτοῖς πάντα φιλίαν ἀλλήλων ἐνεποίει, ὁ φόβος ὁ τότε παρὼν ὅ τε ἐκ τῶν νόμων τῶν ἔμπροσθεν γεγονώς, ὃν δουλεύοντες τοῖς πρόσθεν νόμοις ἐκέκτηντο, ἣν αἰδῶ πολλάκις ἐν τοῖς ἄνω λόγοις εἴπομεν, ᾗ καὶ δουλεύειν ἔφαμεν δεῖν τοὺς μέλλοντας ἀγαθοὺς ἔσεσθαι, ἧς ὁ δειλὸς ἐλεύθερος καὶ ἄφοβος·
All these things then produced in them a friendship with one another: both the fear that was then present, and that which arose from the previous laws—which they possessed through serving the earlier laws, that reverence which we frequently spoke of in the previous discourse, to which we also said that those who are going to be good must be subject, and of which the coward is free and without fear.
ὃν εἰ τότε μὴ δέος ἔλαβεν, οὐκ ἄν ποτε συνελθὼν ἠμύνατο, οὐδʼ ἤμυνεν ἱεροῖς τε καὶ τάφοις καὶ πατρίδι καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις οἰκείοις τε ἅμα καὶ φίλοις, ὥσπερ τότʼ ἐβοήθησεν, ἀλλὰ κατὰ σμικρὰ ἂν ἐν τῷ τότε ἡμῶν ἕκαστος σκεδασθεὶς ἄλλος ἄλλοσε διεσπάρη.
If this fear had not seized them then, they would never have united to defend themselves, nor would they have defended the temples, tombs, fatherland, and their other relatives and friends as they did help them then; but each of us at that time, scattered in small groups, would have been dispersed to different places.
ΜΕ. καὶ μάλα, ὦ ξένε, ὀρθῶς τε εἴρηκας καὶ σαυτῷ τε καὶ τῇ πατρίδι πρεπόντως.
ME. Indeed, stranger, you have spoken both correctly and in a manner becoming both yourself and your fatherland.
ΑΘ. ἔστι ταῦτα, ὦ Μέγιλλε· πρὸς γὰρ σὲ τὰ ἐν τῷ τότε χρόνῳ γενόμενα, κοινωνὸν τῇ τῶν πατέρων γεγονότα φύσει, δίκαιον λέγειν.
ATH. It is so, Megillus; for it is just to speak to you of the things that happened at that time, since you share in the nature of those fathers.
ἐπισκόπει μὴν καὶ σὺ καὶ Κλεινίας εἴ τι πρὸς τὴν νομοθεσίαν προσήκοντα λέγομεν· οὐ γὰρ μύθων ἕνεκα διεξέρχομαι, οὗ λέγω δʼ ἕνεκα.
But look to it, both you and Clinias, whether we are saying anything that is relevant to legislation; for I do not traverse these things for the sake of mere stories, but for the sake of that which I am saying.
ὁρᾶτε γάρ· ἐπειδή τινα τρόπον ταὐτὸν ἡμῖν συμβεβήκει πάθος ὅπερ Πέρσαις, ἐκείνοις μὲν ἐπὶ πᾶσαν δουλείαν ἄγουσιν τὸν δῆμον, ἡμῖν δʼ αὖ τοὐναντίον ἐπὶ πᾶσαν ἐλευθερίαν προτρέπουσι τὰ πλήθη, πῶς δὴ καὶ τί λέγωμεν τοὐντεῦθεν, οἱ προγεγονότες ἡμῖν ἔμπροσθεν λόγοι τρόπον τινὰ καλῶς εἰσιν εἰρημένοι.
For see: since in a way the same experience has happened to us as to the Persians—with them leading the populace into total slavery, and us on the contrary encouraging the multitudes to total freedom—how then and what shall we say hereafter, and in what way the arguments we previously went through have been well spoken?
§3.700ΜΕ. λέγεις εὖ·
ME.
πειρῶ δʼ ἔτι σαφέστερον ἡμῖν σημῆναι τὸ νῦν λεγόμενον.
You speak well; try to make what is now being said even clearer to us.
ΑΘ. ἔσται ταῦτα.
ATH. It shall be so.
οὐκ ἦν, ὦ φίλοι, ἡμῖν ἐπὶ τῶν παλαιῶν νόμων ὁ δῆμός τινων κύριος, ἀλλὰ τρόπον τινὰ ἑκὼν ἐδούλευε τοῖς νόμοις.
My friends, under the ancient laws, our populace was not master over anything, but in a way was willingly enslaved to the laws.
ΜΕ. ποίοις δὴ λέγεις;
ME.
ΑΘ. τοῖς περὶ τὴν μουσικὴν πρῶτον τὴν τότε, ἵνα ἐξ ἀρχῆς διέλθωμεν τὴν τοῦ ἐλευθέρου λίαν ἐπίδοσιν βίου.
What kind of laws do you mean? ATH. First, those concerning the music of that time, so that we may trace from the beginning the growth of a life of excessive freedom.
διῃρημένη γὰρ δὴ τότε ἦν ἡμῖν ἡ μουσικὴ κατὰ εἴδη τε ἑαυτῆς ἄττα καὶ σχήματα, καί τι ἦν εἶδος ᾠδῆς εὐχαὶ πρὸς θεούς, ὄνομα δὲ ὕμνοι ἐπεκαλοῦντο·
For at that time, music was divided for us into certain genres and forms.
καὶ τούτῳ δὴ τὸ ἐναντίον ἦν ᾠδῆς ἕτερον εἶδος—θρήνους δέ τις ἂν αὐτοὺς μάλιστα ἐκάλεσεν—καὶ παίωνες ἕτερον, καὶ ἄλλο, Διονύσου γένεσις οἶμαι, διθύραμβος λεγόμενος. νόμους τε αὐτὸ τοῦτο τοὔνομα ἐκάλουν, ᾠδὴν ὥς τινα ἑτέραν· ἐπέλεγον δὲ κιθαρῳδικούς.
And one form of song was prayers to the gods, and they were called by the name of hymns; and opposite to this was another form of song—one would most of all call them laments (threnoi)—and another was paeans, and another, I think concerning the birth of Dionysus, was called dithyramb.
τούτων δὴ διατεταγμένων καὶ ἄλλων τινῶν, οὐκ ἐξῆν ἄλλο εἰς ἄλλο καταχρῆσθαι μέλους εἶδος· τὸ δὲ κῦρος τούτων γνῶναί τε καὶ ἅμα γνόντα δικάσαι, ζημιοῦν τε αὖ τὸν μὴ πειθόμενον, οὐ σῦριγξ ἦν οὐδέ τινες ἄμουσοι βοαὶ πλήθους, καθάπερ τὰ νῦν, οὐδʼ αὖ κρότοι ἐπαίνους ἀποδιδόντες, ἀλλὰ τοῖς μὲν γεγονόσι περὶ παίδευσιν δεδογμένον ἀκούειν ἦν αὐτοῖς μετὰ σιγῆς διὰ τέλους, παισὶ δὲ καὶ παιδαγωγοῖς καὶ τῷ πλείστῳ ὄχλῳ ῥάβδου κοσμούσης ἡ νουθέτησις ἐγίγνετο.
And they called this very name "nomoi" (laws), as another kind of song, adding to it "played on the cithara." These and certain other things having been ordered, it was not permitted to misuse one genre of melody for another; and the authority to know these and at the same time, having known them, to judge, and further to punish the disobedient, was not a pipe (syrinx) nor certain unmusical shouts of the multitude, as now, nor again handclapping offering applause; but it was ordained for those who had attained education to listen in silence until the end, while for children, tutors, and the largest crowd, the admonition was made by a regulating rod.
ταῦτʼ οὖν οὕτω τεταγμένως ἤθελεν ἄρχεσθαι τῶν πολιτῶν τὸ πλῆθος, καὶ μὴ τολμᾶν κρίνειν διὰ θορύβου·
Thus, in an orderly manner, the multitude of citizens wished to be ruled, and did not dare to judge by clamor.
μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα, προϊόντος τοῦ χρόνου, ἄρχοντες μὲν τῆς ἀμούσου παρανομίας ποιηταὶ ἐγίγνοντο φύσει μὲν ποιητικοί, ἀγνώμονες δὲ περὶ τὸ δίκαιον τῆς Μούσης καὶ τὸ νόμιμον, βακχεύοντες καὶ μᾶλλον τοῦ δέοντος κατεχόμενοι ὑφʼ ἡδονῆς, κεραννύντες δὲ θρήνους τε ὕμνοις καὶ παίωνας διθυράμβοις, καὶ αὐλῳδίας δὴ ταῖς κιθαρῳδίαις μιμούμενοι, καὶ πάντα εἰς πάντα συνάγοντες, μουσικῆς ἄκοντες ὑπʼ ἀνοίας καταψευδόμενοι ὡς ὀρθότητα μὲν οὐκ ἔχοι οὐδʼ ἡντινοῦν μουσική, ἡδονῇ δὲ τῇ τοῦ χαίροντος, εἴτε βελτίων εἴτε χείρων ἂν εἴη τις, κρίνοιτο ὀρθότατα.
But after this, as time went on, the poets became originators of the unmusical lawlessness—poetic indeed by nature, but ignorant concerning what is just and lawful of the Muse, behaving like bacchants and possessed by pleasure more than was proper, mixing laments with hymns, and paeans with dithyrambs, and mimicking flute-tunes with cithara-songs, and bringing together all things into all things, and unconsciously lying against music out of folly, as though music possessed no correctness of any kind whatsoever, but should be judged most correctly by the pleasure of the one who enjoys it, whether he be a better or a worse person.