§11.935ΑΘ. ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ κατεύχεσθαί τε ἀλλήλοις ἐπαρωμένους καὶ διʼ αἰσχρῶν ὀνομάτων ἐπιφέρειν γυναικείους ἑαυτοῖς φήμας, πρῶτον μὲν ἐκ λόγων, κούφου πράγματος, ἔργῳ μίση τε καὶ ἔχθραι βαρύταται γίγνονται·
ATH. For from praying against one another with curses and using shameful words to bring effeminate reputations upon themselves, first indeed starting from words, a light thing, in actual fact the heaviest hatreds and enmities arise.
πράγματι γὰρ ἀχαρίστῳ, θυμῷ, χαριζόμενος ὁ λέγων, ἐμπιμπλὰς ὀργὴν κακῶν ἑστιαμάτων, ὅσον ὑπὸ παιδείας ἡμερώθη ποτέ, πάλιν ἐξαγριῶν τῆς ψυχῆς τὸ τοιοῦτον, θηριούμενος ἐν δυσκολίᾳ ζῶν γίγνεται, πικρὰν τοῦ θυμοῦ χάριν ἀποδεχόμενος.
For the speaker, gratifying anger, an ungracious thing, filling his rage with bad feasts, savageing again that part of the soul which had once been tamed by education, becomes one who lives in crossness and is brutalized, accepting a bitter favor from anger.
μετεκβαίνειν δὲ αὖ πως εἰώθασιν πάντες θαμὰ ἐν τοῖς τοιούτοις εἰς τό τι γελοῖον περὶ τοῦ ἐναντίου φθέγγεσθαι· ὅ τις ἐθιζόμενος οὐδεὶς πώποτε ὃς οὐ τοῦ σπουδαίου τρόπου ἤτοι τὸ παράπαν διήμαρτεν ἢ μεγαλονοίας ἀπώλεσεν μέρη πολλά.
And all in turn are somehow accustomed in such cases to shift frequently into uttering something ridiculous about their opponent; and no one who becomes accustomed to this has ever failed to miss entirely a serious character or lost a large part of greatness of soul.
ὧν δὴ χάριν ἐν μὲν ἱερῷ τὸ παράπαν μηδεὶς τοιοῦτον φθέγξηται μηδέποτε μηδὲν μηδʼ ἔν τισι δημοτελέσι θυσίαις, μηδʼ αὖ ἐν ἄθλοις μηδʼ ἐν ἀγορᾷ μηδʼ ἐν δικαστηρίῳ μηδʼ ἐν συλλόγῳ κοινῷ μηδενί· κολαζέτω δὲ ὁ τούτων ἄρχων ἕκαστος ἀνατί, ἢ μηδέποτʼ ἀριστείων πέρι φιλονικήσῃ, νόμων ὡς οὐ κηδόμενος οὐδὲ ποιῶν τὰ προσταχθέντα ὑπὸ τοῦ νομοθέτου.
For the sake indeed of these things, let no one ever utter anything of this kind at all in a temple, nor in any public sacrifices, nor in turn in athletic contests, nor in the market, nor in a court, nor in any public assembly; and let each official in charge of these punish him with impunity, or let him never compete for the prize of valor, as one who does not care for the laws nor does what is commanded by the legislator.
ἐὰν δέ τις ἐν ἄλλοις τόποις λοιδορίας ἄρχων ἢ ἀμυνόμενος ὁστισοῦν μὴ ἀπέχηται τῶν τοιούτων λόγων, ὁ προστυγχάνων πρεσβύτερος ὢν τῷ νόμῳ ἀμυνέτω, πληγαῖς ἐξείργων τοὺς θυμῷ, ἑτέρῳ κακῷ, φιλοφρονουμένους, ἢ ἐνεχέσθω τῇ τεταγμένῃ ζημίᾳ.
But if in other places anyone, whether starting an insult or defending himself, does not abstain from such words, let any older person who happens to be present defend the law, keeping off with blows those who indulge in anger, another evil, or let him be liable to the established fine.
λέγομεν δὴ τὰ νῦν ὡς λοιδορίαις συμπλεκόμενος ἄνευ τοῦ γελοῖα ζητεῖν λέγειν οὐ δυνατός ἐστιν χρῆσθαι, καὶ τοῦτο λοιδοροῦμεν, ὁπόταν θυμῷ γιγνόμενον ᾖ·
Now we are saying indeed that one who is entangled in insults is not able to use them without seeking to say ridiculous things, and this we blame when it happens in anger.
τί δὲ δή;
What then?
τὴν τῶν κωμῳδῶν προθυμίαν τοῦ γελοῖα εἰς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους λέγειν ἦ παραδεχόμεθα, ἐὰν ἄνευ θυμοῦ τὸ τοιοῦτον ἡμῖν τοὺς πολίτας ἐπιχειρῶσιν κωμῳδοῦντες λέγειν;
Do we accept the eagerness of comic writers to say ridiculous things against men, if they attempt to say such things to us, caricaturing the citizens without anger?
ἢ διαλάβωμεν δίχα τῷ παίζειν καὶ μή, καὶ παίζοντι μὲν ἐξέστω τινὶ περί του λέγειν γελοῖον ἄνευ θυμοῦ, συντεταμένῳ δὲ καὶ μετὰ θυμοῦ, καθάπερ εἴπομεν, μὴ ἐξέστω μηδενί;
Or shall we divide it twofold, into joking and not joking, and let it be permitted to someone who is joking to say something ridiculous about someone without anger, but to one who is serious and with anger, as we said, let it not be permitted to anyone?
τοῦτο μὲν οὖν οὐδαμῶς ἀναθετέον, ᾧ ἐξέστω καὶ μὴ δέ, τοῦτο νομοθετησώμεθα.
This latter, indeed, must by no means be allowed; let us legislate as to who shall be permitted and who not.
§11.936ΑΘ. ποιητῇ δὴ κωμῳδίας ἤ τινος ἰάμβων ἢ μουσῶν μελῳδίας μὴ ἐξέστω μήτε λόγῳ μήτε εἰκόνι, μήτε θυμῷ μήτε ἄνευ θυμοῦ, μηδαμῶς μηδένα τῶν πολιτῶν κωμῳδεῖν·
ATH. Let it not be permitted to a writer of comedy, or of any iambics or lyric song, either in words or in representation, either with anger or without anger, in any way to caricature any of the citizens.
ἐὰν δέ τις ἀπειθῇ, τοὺς ἀθλοθέτας ἐξείργειν ἐκ τῆς χώρας τὸ παράπαν αὐθημερόν, ἢ ζημιοῦσθαι μναῖς τρισὶν ἱεραῖς τοῦ θεοῦ οὗ ἂν ἀγὼν ᾖ.
If anyone disobeys, let the directors of the games expel him from the country altogether on the very day, or let them be fined three minae sacred to the god whose contest it is.
οἷς δʼ εἴρηται πρότερον ἐξουσίαν εἶναι περί του ποιεῖν, εἰς ἀλλήλους τούτοις ἄνευ θυμοῦ μὲν μετὰ παιδιᾶς ἐξέστω, σπουδῇ δὲ ἅμα καὶ θυμουμένοισιν μὴ ἐξέστω.
But for those to whom it has been said before that they have authority to write about someone, let it be permitted to them to do so against one another without anger and with jesting, but to those who are in earnest and angry let it not be permitted.
τούτου δὴ διάγνωσις ἐπιτετράφθω τῷ τῆς παιδεύσεως ὅλης ἐπιμελητῇ τῶν νέων· καὶ ὃ μὲν ἂν οὗτος ἐγκρίνῃ, προφέρειν εἰς τὸ μέσον ἐξέστω τῷ ποιήσαντι, ὃ δʼ ἂν ἀποκρίνῃ, μήτε αὐτὸς ἐπιδεικνύσθω μηδενὶ μήτε ἄλλον δοῦλον μήτε ἐλεύθερόν ποτε φανῇ διδάξας, ἢ κακὸς εἶναι δοξαζέσθω καὶ ἀπειθὴς τοῖς νόμοις.
Let the judgment of this indeed be entrusted to the supervisor of the whole education of the young; and whatever he approves, let it be permitted to the author to bring into the open, but whatever he rejects, let him neither show it himself to anyone, nor ever be found to have taught it to any other, slave or free, or let him be thought to be a bad man and disobedient to the laws.
οἰκτρὸς δʼ οὐχ ὁ πεινῶν ἤ τι τοιοῦτον πάσχων, ἀλλʼ ὁ σωφρονῶν ἤ τινα ἀρετὴν ἢ μέρος ἔχων ταύτης, ἄν τινα συμφορὰν πρὸς τούτοις κεκτῆται· διὸ θαυμαστὸν ἂν γένοιτο εἴ τις ὢν τοιοῦτος ἀμεληθείη τὸ παράπαν, ὥστʼ εἰς πτωχείαν τὴν ἐσχάτην ἐλθεῖν, δοῦλος ἢ καὶ ἐλεύθερος, ἐν οἰκουμένῃ καὶ μετρίως πολιτείᾳ τε καὶ πόλει.
Not the one who is hungry or suffering any such thing is pitiable, but the one who is temperate or has some virtue or part of it, if he possesses some calamity in addition to these; wherefore it would be wonderful if anyone who is such a person should be altogether neglected, so as to come to extreme poverty, whether slave or free, in a well-ordered constitution and city.
διὸ τῷ νομοθέτῃ θεῖναι νόμον ἀσφαλὲς τοιούτοις τοιόνδε τινά· Πτωχὸς μηδεὶς ἡμῖν ἐν τῇ πόλει γιγνέσθω, τοιοῦτον δʼ ἄν τις ἐπιχειρῇ δρᾶν, εὐχαῖς βίον ἀνηνύτοις συλλεγόμενος, ἐκ μὲν ἀγορᾶς ἀγορανόμοι ἐξειργόντων αὐτόν, ἐκ δὲ τοῦ ἄστεος ἡ τῶν ἀστυνόμων ἀρχή, ἀγρονόμοι δὲ ἐκ τῆς ἄλλης χώρας εἰς τὴν ὑπερορίαν ἐκπεμπόντων, ὅπως ἡ χώρα τοῦ τοιούτου ζῴου καθαρὰ γίγνηται τὸ παράπαν.
Therefore it is safe for the legislator to lay down for such people a law of this kind: Let no one be a beggar in our city; and if anyone attempts to do such a thing, collecting a living by endless prayers, let the market-inspectors expel him from the market, and from the city the authority of the city-inspectors, and let the land-inspectors send him out from the rest of the country across the border, so that the country may become altogether clean of such a creature.
δοῦλος δʼ ἂν ἢ δούλη βλάψῃ τῶν ἀλλοτρίων καὶ ὁτιοῦν, μὴ συναιτίου τοῦ βλαβέντος αὐτοῦ γενομένου κατʼ ἀπειρίαν ἤ τινʼ ἑτέραν χρείαν μὴ σώφρονα, ὁ τοῦ βλάψαντος δεσπότης ἢ τὴν βλάβην ἐξιάσθω μὴ ἐνδεῶς, ἢ τὸν βλάψαντʼ αὐτὸν παραδότω·
And if a male or female slave harms any of another's property, without the harmed person himself being a contributor to the harm through inexperience or some other intemperate need, let the master of the one who did the harm either remedy the harm fully, or let him deliver up the very slave who did the harm.
ἐὰν δʼ ἐπαιτιώμενος ὁ δεσπότης κοινῇ τοῦ βλάψαντος τέχνῃ καὶ τοῦ βλαβέντος ἐπʼ ἀποστερήσει φῇ τοῦ δούλου γεγονέναι τὴν αἰτίαν, διαδικαζέσθω μὲν κακοτεχνιῶν τῷ φάσκοντι βλαβῆναι, καὶ ἐὰν ἕλῃ, διπλασίαν τῆς ἀξίας τοῦ δούλου κομιζέσθω ἧς ἂν τιμήσῃ τὸ δικαστήριον, ἐὰν δὲ ἡττηθῇ, τήν τε βλάβην ἐξιάσθω καὶ τὸν δοῦλον παραδότω.
But if the master, accusing them, says that the cause occurred by a joint plot of the slave who did the harm and the one who was harmed for the purpose of depriving him of the slave, let him sue the one claiming to be harmed for fraudulent plots, and if he wins, let him receive twice the value of the slave which the court assesses, but if he loses, let him remedy the harm and deliver up the slave.
καὶ ἐὰν ὑποζύγιον ἢ ἵππος ἢ κύων ἤ τι τῶν ἄλλων θρεμμάτων σίνηταί τι τῶν πέλας, κατὰ ταὐτὰ ἐκτίνειν τὴν βλάβην.
And if a beast of burden, or a horse, or a dog, or any of the other beasts should harm anything belonging to neighbors, let them pay for the harm in the same way.