§11.922ΑΘ. ἐὰν δὲ προαμειψάμενος ἔργον τι τῶν κατὰ πόλεμον καλῶν ἔργων μὴ ἀποδιδῷ, μέμψεται.
ATH. But if, having received beforehand some work of the beautiful works concerning war, [the city] does not pay [the honors], it shall be blamed.
νόμος οὖν οὗτος ἐπαίνῳ περὶ τούτων ἡμῖν μεμειγμένος κείσθω, συμβουλευτικός, οὐ βιαστικός, τῷ πλήθει τῶν πολιτῶν, τιμᾶν τοὺς ἀγαθοὺς ἄνδρας, ὅσοι σωτῆρες τῆς πόλεώς εἰσι συμπάσης εἴτε ἀνδρείαις εἴτε πολεμικαῖς μηχαναῖς, δευτέρους· πρώτοις γὰρ τὸ μέγιστον γέρας δεδόσθω τοῖς τὰ τῶν ἀγαθῶν νομοθετῶν γράμματα τιμᾶν διαφερόντως δυνηθεῖσιν.
Therefore, let this law mixed with praise concerning these things be established for us, advisory, not compulsory, for the multitude of the citizens, to honor those good men, as many as are saviors of the whole city, whether by deeds of courage or by military engines, as second; for let the greatest reward be given to those first who have been able to honor outstandingly the writings of the good legislators.
τὰ μὲν δὴ μέγιστα τῶν συμβολαίων, ὅσα πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἄνθρωποι συμβάλλουσιν, πλήν γε ὀρφανικῶν καὶ τῆς τῶν ἐπιτρόπων ἐπιμελείας τῶν ὀρφανῶν, σχεδὸν ἡμῖν διατέτακται· ταῦτα δὲ δὴ μετὰ τὰ νῦν εἰρημένα ἀναγκαῖον ἁμῶς γέ πως τάξασθαι.
The greatest indeed of the contracts, as many as men contract with one another, except indeed those of orphans and the care of orphans by guardians, have been almost arranged by us; and it is necessary to arrange these indeed in some way or other after what has now been said.
τούτων δὲ ἀρχαὶ πάντων αἵ τε τῶν τελευτᾶν μελλόντων ἐπιθυμίαι τῆς διαθέσεως αἵ τε τῶν μηδὲν τὸ παράπαν διαθεμένων τύχαι· ἀναγκαῖον δὲ εἶπον, ὦ Κλεινία, βλέψας αὐτῶν πέρι πρός τε τὸ δύσκολον καὶ χαλεπόν.
And the principles of all these are both the desires of disposition of those about to die, and the fortunes of those who have disposed of nothing at all; and I said 'necessary', O Clinias, looking concerning them to the difficult and troublesome nature.
οὐδὲ γὰρ ἄτακτον δυνατόν ἐστʼ αὐτὸ ἐᾶν· πολλὰ γὰρ ἕκαστοι καὶ διάφορα ἀλλήλων καὶ ἐναντία τιθεῖντʼ ἂν τοῖς τε νόμοις καὶ τοῖς τῶν ζώντων ἤθεσιν καὶ τοῖς αὑτῶν τοῖς ἔμπροσθεν πρὶν διατίθεσθαι μέλλειν, εἴ τις ἐξουσίαν δώσει ἁπλῶς οὕτως κυρίαν εἶναι διαθήκην ἣν ἄν τις διαθῆται ὁπωσοῦν ἔχων πρὸς τῷ τοῦ βίου τέλει.
For neither is it possible to leave it unregulated; for each would lay down many things, different from one another and contrary both to the laws and to the customs of the living, and to their own previous ones, before they are about to make a disposition, if someone will give authority simply thus for a testament to be valid, whichever one makes in whatever state at the end of life.
ἀνοήτως γὰρ δὴ καὶ διατεθρυμμένως τινὰ τρόπον ἔχομεν οἱ πλεῖστοι, ὅταν ἤδη μέλλειν ἡγώμεθα τελευτᾶν.
For indeed foolishly and in a spoiled way, in a certain manner, most of us are disposed, when we already think we are about to die.
ΚΛ. πῶς τοῦτο, ὦ ξένε, λέγεις;
CL. How do you mean this, O stranger?
ΑΘ. χαλεπόν ἐστʼ, ὦ Κλεινία, μέλλων ἄνθρωπος τελευτήσειν, καὶ μεστὸν λόγου τοῖς νομοθέταις εὖ μάλα φοβεροῦ καὶ δυσχεροῦς.
ATH. It is a difficult thing, O Clinias, a man about to die, and full of speech very fearful and difficult for legislators.
ΚΛ. πῇ;
CL. In what way?
ΑΘ. ζητῶν εἶναι κύριος ἁπάντων, εἴωθε μετʼ ὀργῆς λέγειν.
ATH. Seeking to be master of all, he is accustomed to speak with anger.
ΚΛ. ποῖα δή;
CL. What kind of things indeed?
ΑΘ. δεινόν γε, ὦ θεοί, φησίν, εἰ τὰ ἐμὰ ἐμοὶ μηδαμῶς ἐξέσται δοῦναί τε ὅτῳ ἂν ἐθέλω καὶ μή, καὶ τῷ μὲν πλείω, τῷ δʼ ἐλάττονα, τῶν ὁπόσοι περὶ ἐμὲ φαῦλοι καὶ ὅσοι ἀγαθοὶ γεγόνασιν φανερῶς, βασανισθέντες ἱκανῶς ἐν νόσοις, οἱ δʼ ἐν γήρᾳ καὶ ἄλλαις παντοίαισι τύχαις.
ATH. 'It is terrible indeed, O gods,' he says, 'if it shall in no way be permitted to me to give my own things to whomsoever I wish and not, and more to one, less to another, of as many as around me have clearly been bad or good, having been sufficiently tested in illnesses, and others in old age and all kinds of other fortunes.' CL.
ΚΛ. οὐκοῦν, ὦ ξένε, καλῶς δοκοῦσίν σοι λέγειν;
Do they not indeed, O stranger, seem to you to speak well?
ΑΘ. μαλθακοὶ ἔμοιγʼ, ὦ Κλεινία, δοκοῦσιν οἱ πάλαι νομοθετοῦντες γεγονέναι καὶ ἐπὶ σμικρὸν τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων πραγμάτων βλέποντές τε καὶ διανοούμενοι νομοθετεῖν.
ATH. To me indeed, O Clinias, the legislators of old seem to have been soft and to legislate looking and thinking upon a small part of human affairs.
ΚΛ. πῶς λέγεις;
CL. How do you mean?
§11.923ΑΘ. τὸν λόγον τοῦτον, ὠγαθέ, φοβούμενοι, τὸν νόμον ἐτίθεσαν τὸν ἐξεῖναι τὰ ἑαυτοῦ διατίθεσθαι ἁπλῶς ὅπως ἄν τις ἐθέλῃ τὸ παράπαν, ἐγὼ δὲ καὶ σὺ τοῖς ἐν τῇ σῇ πόλει μέλλουσι τελευτᾶν ἀποκρινούμεθα ἐμμελέστερόν πως.
ATH. Fearing this speech, my good man, they laid down the law that it is permitted to dispose of one's own things simply in whatever way one wishes altogether; but you and I will answer those about to die in your city in a more harmonious way.
ὦ φίλοι, φήσομεν, καὶ ἀτεχνῶς ἐφήμεροι, χαλεπὸν ὑμῖν ἐστιν γιγνώσκειν τὰ ὑμέτερʼ αὐτῶν χρήματα καὶ πρός γε ὑμᾶς αὐτούς, ὥσπερ καὶ τὸ τῆς Πυθίας γράμμα φράζει, τὰ νῦν.
'O friends,' we shall say, 'and literally creatures of a day, it is difficult for you to know your own goods and indeed yourselves, just as the writing of the Pythia says, at the present time.
ἔγωγʼ οὖν νομοθέτης ὢν οὔθʼ ὑμᾶς ὑμῶν αὐτῶν εἶναι τίθημι οὔτε τὴν οὐσίαν ταύτην, σύμπαντος δὲ τοῦ γένους ὑμῶν τοῦ τε ἔμπροσθεν καὶ τοῦ ἔπειτα ἐσομένου, καὶ ἔτι μᾶλλον τῆς πόλεως εἶναι τό τε γένος πᾶν καὶ τὴν οὐσίαν· καὶ οὕτω τούτων ἐχόντων, οὐκ, ἐάν τις ὑμᾶς θωπείαις ὑποδραμὼν ἐν νόσοις ἢ γήρᾳ σαλεύοντας παρὰ τὸ βέλτιστον διατίθεσθαι πείθῃ, συγχωρήσομαι ἑκών, ὅτι δὲ τῇ πόλει τε ἄριστον πάσῃ καὶ γένει, πρὸς πᾶν τοῦτο βλέπων νομοθετήσω, τὸ ἑνὸς ἑκάστου κατατιθεὶς ἐν μοίραις ἐλάττοσι δικαίως. ὑμεῖς δὲ ἡμῖν ἵλεῴ τε καὶ εὐμενεῖς ὄντες πορεύοισθε ᾗπερ κατὰ φύσιν νῦν πορεύεσθε τὴν ἀνθρωπίνην· ἡμῖν δὲ περὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν ὑμετέρων μελήσει, κηδομένοις ὅτι μάλιστα εἰς δύναμιν, οὐ τῶν μέν, τῶν δὲ οὔ.
I therefore, being a legislator, lay down that neither you belong to yourselves nor this property, but that both the whole family and the property belong to your whole race, both past and future, and still more to the city; and these things being so, if someone, having crept under you with flatteries when you are wavering in illness or old age, persuades you to dispose contrary to what is best, I will not willingly yield, but looking to all this, which is best both for the whole city and the family, I will legislate, placing the interest of each single one in a lesser portion justly.
ταῦτα μὲν οὖν παραμύθιά τε καὶ προοίμια τῶν τε ζώντων, ὦ Κλεινία, καὶ τῶν τελευτώντων ἔστω, νόμος δὲ ὅδε· ὃς ἂν διαθήκην γράφῃ τὰ αὑτοῦ διατιθέμενος, παίδων ὢν πατήρ, πρῶτον μὲν τῶν ὑέων κληρονόμον ὃν ἂν ἀξιώσῃ γίγνεσθαι γραφέτω, τῶν δὲ ἄλλων παίδων, ὃν ἂν μὲν ἑτέρῳ ποιεῖσθαι διδῷ δεχομένῳ, γραφέσθω τοῦτο αὐτό· ἐὰν δὲ περιγίγνηταί τις τῶν ὑέων αὐτῷ μὴ ἐπί τινι κλήρῳ πεποιημένος, ὃν κατὰ νόμον ἐλπὶς εἰς ἀποικίαν ἐκπεμφθήσεσθαι, τούτῳ τῶν ἄλλων χρημάτων ἐξέστω τῷ πατρὶ διδόναι ὅσα ἂν ἐθέλῃ, πλὴν τοῦ πατρῴου κλήρου καὶ τῆς περὶ τὸν κλῆρον κατασκευῆς πάσης, καὶ ἐὰν πλείους ὦσιν, πρὸς μέρος ὁ πατὴρ ὅπῃ ἂν ἐθέλῃ νεμέτω τὰ περιόντα τοῦ κλήρου.
And may you, being gracious and well-disposed to us, go where you now go according to human nature; and to us there will be care concerning the rest of your affairs, caring as much as possible according to our power, not for some and not for others.' Let these indeed be consolations and preludes for the living and the dying, O Clinias, and let this be the law: Whoever writes a testament disposing of his own property, being a father of children, first indeed let him write as heir whichever of his sons he deems worthy to become so; and of the other children, whichever indeed he gives to another to be adopted, if he accepts, let this very thing be written; and if any of his sons remains over to him not having been adopted for any allotment of land, whom by law there is hope to be sent out into a colony, to this one let it be permitted for the father to give of the other goods as much as he wishes, except the paternal allotment and all the equipment about the allotment; and if there are more, let the father divide the remaining parts of the property proportionally in whatever way he wishes.
ὅτῳ δʼ ἂν τῶν ὑέων ὑπάρχων οἶκος ᾖ, μὴ νέμειν τούτῳ τῶν χρημάτων, θυγατρί τε ὡσαύτως, ᾗ μὲν ἂν ἐγγεγυημένος ὡς ἀνὴρ ἐσόμενος ᾖ, μὴ νέμειν, ᾗ δʼ ἂν μή, νέμειν· ἐὰν δέ τῳ τῶν ὑέων ἢ καὶ τῶν θυγατέρων φανῇ κλῆρος ἐπιχώριος τῆς διαθήκης γενόμενος ὕστερον, τῷ κληρονόμῳ τοῦ τὴν διαθήκην διαθεμένου καταλειπέτω.
To whichever of the sons there is an existing household, let him not distribute to this one of the goods; and likewise to a daughter, to whom indeed there is a betrothed who is to be her husband, let him not distribute, but to whom indeed there is not, let him distribute; and if to any of the sons or indeed of the daughters a local allotment should appear having become theirs after the testament, let it be left to the heir of the one who made the testament.
ἐὰν δὲ ἄρρενας μὲν μὴ λείπῃ, θηλείας δέ, ὁ διατιθέμενος, ἄνδρα μὲν τῶν θυγατέρων ᾗτινι ἂν ἐθέλῃ, ὑὸν δὲ αὑτῷ καταλειπέτω, γράψας κληρονόμον·
And if the disposer should leave not males but females, let him leave as husband for whichever of the daughters he wishes, a son for himself, writing him as heir;