§11.918ΑΘ. τὰ δὲ περὶ τῶν ἀστυνόμων ἐν τοῖς πρόσθεν ἱκανῶς εἴρηται· ἐὰν δέ τι προσδεῖν δοκῇ, νομοφύλαξιν ἐπανακοινώσαντες καὶ γράψαντες τὸ δοκοῦν ἐκλιπεῖν, εἰς ἀστυνόμιον θέντων ἐν στήλῃ τά τε πρῶτα καὶ τὰ δεύτερα τεθέντα αὐτοῖσιν τῆς ἀρχῆς νόμιμα.
**ATH.**: "Now the matters concerning the city-stewards have been sufficiently spoken of in the foregoing; but if anything should seem to be lacking, after communicating with the guardians of the laws and writing down what seems to be missing, let them set it up on a pillar in the city-steward's office, both the first and the second regulations established for them as the laws of their office.
κιβδήλοις δʼ ἐπιτηδεύμασιν ἕπεται κατὰ πόδα καπηλείας ἐπιτηδεύματα·
And close on the heels of adulterous practices follow the practices of retail trade.
ταύτης δὲ πέρι συμπάσης συμβουλὴν πρῶτον δόντες καὶ λόγον, ἐπʼ αὐτῇ νόμον ὕστερον ἐπιθώμεθα.
Concerning the whole of this, let us first give advice and a discourse, and afterwards impose a law upon it.
καπηλεία γὰρ κατὰ πόλιν πᾶσα γέγονεν οὐ βλάβης ἕνεκα τό γε κατὰ φύσιν, πᾶν δὲ τοὐναντίον·
For all retail trade in a city has not arisen for the sake of harm, at least according to nature, but entirely the opposite.
πῶς γὰρ οὐκ εὐεργέτης πᾶς ὃς ἂν οὐσίαν χρημάτων ὡντινωνοῦν, ἀσύμμετρον οὖσαν καὶ ἀνώμαλον, ὁμαλήν τε καὶ σύμμετρον ἀπεργάζηται;
For how is everyone not a benefactor who makes any property of goods whatever, which is disproportionate and uneven, even and proportionate?
τοῦτο ἡμῖν χρὴ φάναι καὶ τὴν τοῦ νομίσματος ἀπεργάζεσθαι δύναμιν, καὶ τὸν ἔμπορον ἐπὶ τούτῳ τετάχθαι δεῖ λέγειν.
This is what we must say the power of coinage also accomplishes, and we must say that the merchant has been appointed for this purpose.
καὶ μισθωτὸς καὶ πανδοκεὺς καὶ ἄλλα, τὰ μὲν εὐσχημονέστερα, τὰ δὲ ἀσχημονέστερα γιγνόμενα, τοῦτό γε πάντα δύναται, πᾶσιν ἐπικουρίαν ταῖς χρείαις ἐξευπορεῖν καὶ ὁμαλότητα ταῖς οὐσίαις.
And the hired laborer, and the innkeeper, and others, some more decent, and others more indecent, all have this same power, namely, to provide assistance for all needs and evenness for properties.
τί ποτε δὴ τὸ μὴ καλὸν αὐτὸ μηδʼ εὔσχημον δοκεῖν εἶναι, καὶ τί τὸ διαβεβληκὸς τυγχάνει, ἴδωμεν, ἵνα εἰ μὴ καὶ τὸ ὅλον, ἀλλʼ οὖν μέρη γε ἐξιασώμεθα νόμῳ.
Let us see then what indeed makes it seem not beautiful or decent in itself, and what has brought it into disrepute, so that if we cannot cure the whole, we may at least cure parts of it by law.
πρᾶγμʼ ἔσθʼ, ὡς ἔοικεν, οὐ φαῦλον, οὐδὲ σμικρᾶς δεόμενον ἀρετῆς. ΚΛ. πῶς λέγεις; ΑΘ. ὦ φίλε Κλεινία, σμικρὸν γένος ἀνθρώπων καὶ φύσει ὀλίγον καὶ ἄκρᾳ τροφῇ τεθραμμένον, ὅταν εἰς χρείας τε καὶ ἐπιθυμίας τινῶν ἐμπίπτῃ, καρτερεῖν πρὸς τὸ μέτριον δυνατόν ἐστιν, καὶ ὅταν ἐξῇ χρήματα λαβεῖν πολλά, νήφει καὶ πρότερον αἱρεῖται τοῦ πολλοῦ τὸ τοῦ μέτρου ἐχόμενον·
The matter is, as it seems, not trivial, nor one requiring small virtue." **KL.**: "How do you mean?" **ATH.**: "My dear Cleinias, only a small class of men, few by nature and trained with the highest education, when they fall into needs and desires of certain things, are able to hold out towards moderation, and when it is possible to take much money, are sober and choose what holds to moderation rather than the much.
τὰ δὲ τῶν ἀνθρώπων πλήθη πᾶν τοὐναντίον ἔχει τούτοις, δεόμενά τε ἀμέτρως δεῖται καὶ ἐξὸν κερδαίνειν τὰ μέτρια, ἀπλήστως αἱρεῖται κερδαίνειν, διὸ πάντα τὰ περὶ τὴν καπηλείαν καὶ ἐμπορίαν καὶ πανδοκείαν γένη διαβέβληταί τε καὶ ἐν αἰσχροῖς γέγονεν ὀνείδεσιν.
But the majorities of mankind have the entirely opposite disposition to these; when they need, they need without measure, and when it is possible to make moderate gains, they choose to make gains greedily; wherefore all classes concerning retail trade, commerce, and innkeeping have been brought into disrepute and have fallen into shameful reproaches.
ἐπεὶ εἴ τις, ὃ μή ποτε γένοιτο οὐδʼ ἔσται, προσαναγκάσειεν—γελοῖον μὲν εἰπεῖν, ὅμως δὲ εἰρήσεται—πανδοκεῦσαι τοὺς πανταχῇ ἀρίστους ἄνδρας ἐπί τινα χρόνον, ἢ καπηλεύειν ἤ τι τῶν τοιούτων πράττειν, ἢ καὶ γυναῖκας ἔκ τινος ἀνάγκης εἱμαρμένης τοῦ τοιούτου μετασχεῖν τρόπου, γνοίημεν ἂν ὡς φίλον καὶ ἀγαπητόν ἐστιν ἕκαστον τούτων, καὶ εἰ κατὰ λόγον ἀδιάφθορον γίγνοιτο, ἐν μητρὸς ἂν καὶ τροφοῦ σχήματι τιμῷτο τὰ τοιαῦτα πάντα·
For if someone—which may it never happen nor will be, and though ridiculous to say, yet it shall be said—should compel the very best men in every way to keep an inn for a certain time, or to engage in retail trade, or to do any such thing, or even women by some fated necessity to share in such a mode of life, we would know how friendly and dear each of these is; and if it were done according to incorrupt reason, all such things would be honored in the guise of a mother and a nurse.
§11.919ΑΘ. νῦν δὲ ὁπόταν εἰς ἐρήμους τις καπηλείας ἕνεκα τόπους καὶ πανταχόσε μήκη ἔχοντας ὁδῶν ἱδρυσάμενος οἰκήσεις, ἐν ἀπορίᾳ γιγνομένους καταλύσεσιν ἀγαπηταῖς δεχόμενος ἢ ὑπὸ χειμώνων ἀγρίων βίᾳ ἐλαυνομένους, εὐδιεινὴν γαλήνην παρασχὼν ἢ πνίγεσιν ἀναψυχήν, τὰ μετὰ ταῦτα οὐχ ὡς ἑταίρους δεξάμενος φιλικὰ παράσχῃ ξένια ἑπόμενα ταῖς ὑποδοχαῖς, ὡς δʼ ἐχθροὺς αἰχμαλώτους κεχειρωμένους ἀπολυτρώσῃ τῶν μακροτάτων καὶ ἀδίκων καὶ ἀκαθάρτων λύτρων, ταῦτά ἐστιν καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐν σύμπασιν τοῖς τοιούτοις ὀρθῶς ἁμαρτανόμενα τὰς διαβολὰς τῇ τῆς ἀπορίας ἐπικουρήσει παρεσκευακότα.
But as it is, whenever someone, for the sake of retail trade, has established dwellings in desolate places and along roads stretching to great lengths in every direction, receiving those who are in difficulty in welcome lodgings, or offering a fair-weather calm to those driven by the force of savage storms, or refreshment in stifling heat, and then afterwards, instead of receiving them as companions and providing friendly hospitality following their reception, treats them as conquered enemies and ransoms them with the longest, unjust, and impure ransoms—it is these and such things, rightly committed as errors in all such matters, that have provided the disrepute against the assistance of difficulty.
τούτων οὖν χρὴ φάρμακον ἀεὶ τέμνειν τὸν νομοθέτην.
Therefore, the legislator must always cut a remedy for these.
ὀρθὸν μὲν δὴ πάλαι τε εἰρημένον ὡς πρὸς δύο μάχεσθαι καὶ ἐναντία χαλεπόν, καθάπερ ἐν ταῖς νόσοις πολλοῖς τε ἄλλοισιν· καὶ δὴ καὶ νῦν ἡ τούτων καὶ περὶ ταῦτα ἐστὶν πρὸς δύο μάχη, πενίαν καὶ πλοῦτον, τὸν μὲν ψυχὴν διεφθαρκότα τρυφῇ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, τὴν δὲ λύπαις προτετραμμένην εἰς ἀναισχυντίαν αὐτήν.
It has indeed been rightly said of old that it is difficult to fight against two and opposing things, as in diseases and many other matters; and indeed now our fight against these and concerning these is against two things, poverty and wealth, the one having corrupted the soul of men with luxury, and the other having turned it forward through pains into shamelessness itself.
τίς οὖν δὴ τῆς νόσου ταύτης ἀρωγὴ γίγνοιτʼ ἂν ἐν νοῦν ἐχούσῃ πόλει;
What helper, then, of this disease could there be in a city that has mind?
πρῶτον μὲν ὅτι σμικροτάτῳ χρῆσθαι κατὰ δύναμιν τῷ τῶν καπήλων γένει, ἔπειτα τούτοις τῶν ἀνθρώπων προστάττειν ὧν διαφθειρομένων οὐκ ἂν γίγνοιτο μεγάλη λύμη τῇ πόλει, τρίτον δὲ αὐτοῖς τοῖς μετασχοῦσι τούτων τῶν ἐπιτηδευμάτων εὑρεῖν μηχανὴν ὅπως ἤθη μὴ ἀνέδην ἀναισχυντίας τε καὶ ἀνελευθέρου ψυχῆς μέτοχα συμβήσεται γίγνεσθαι ῥᾳδίως.
First, indeed, to use the class of retail traders as little as possible according to power; next, to assign these to those of men whose corruption would not cause a great ruin to the city; and third, to find a device for those who actually share in these practices so that their characters may not easily happen to become loosely sharing in shamelessness and an illiberal soul.
μετὰ δὴ τὰ νῦν εἰρημένα, περὶ ταῦτα νόμος ἀγαθῇ τύχῃ τοιόσδε ἡμῖν γιγνέσθω· Μαγνήτων, οὓς ὁ θεὸς ἀνορθῶν πάλιν κατοικίζει, γεωμόροι ὅσοι τῶν τετταράκοντα καὶ πεντακισχιλίων ἑστιῶν εἰσιν, μήτε κάπηλος ἑκὼν μηδʼ ἄκων μηδεὶς γιγνέσθω μηδʼ ἔμπορος μήτε διακονίαν μηδʼ ἥντινα κεκτημένος ἰδιώταις τοῖς μὴ ἐξ ἴσου ἑαυτῷ, πλὴν πατρὶ καὶ μητρὶ καὶ τοῖς ἔτι τούτων εἰς τὸ ἄνω γένεσιν καὶ πᾶσι τοῖς αὑτοῦ πρεσβυτέροις, ὅσοι ἐλεύθεροι ἐλευθέρως.
After what has now been said, let there be for us, with good fortune, a law concerning these matters as follows: of the Magnesians, whom the god is restoring and resettling, let no one who is a land-owner among the five thousand and forty hearths become a retail trader, either willingly or unwillingly, nor a merchant, nor possess any service whatsoever for private citizens who are not on an equal footing with himself, except for his father and mother and those still further upwards in birth, and all his elders, as many as are free, in a free manner.
τὸ δʼ ἐλευθερικὸν καὶ ἀνελεύθερον ἀκριβῶς μὲν οὐ ῥᾴδιον νομοθετεῖν, κρινέσθω γε μὴν ὑπὸ τῶν τὰ ἀριστεῖα εἰληφότων τῷ ἐκείνων μίσει τε καὶ ἀσπασμῷ.
Now, to legislate precisely about what is liberal and illiberal is not easy; nevertheless, let it be judged by those who have received the prizes of virtue, through their hatred and embrace of those things."