§9.578καὶ ψυχὴν ἄρα τυραννικὴν πενιχρὰν καὶ ἄπληστον ἀνάγκη ἀεὶ εἶναι. οὕτως, ἦ δʼ ὅς.
"And therefore a tyrannical soul also must always be poor and insatiable." "Just so," he said.
τί δέ;
"And what of this?
φόβου γέμειν ἆρʼ οὐκ ἀνάγκη τήν τε τοιαύτην πόλιν τόν τε τοιοῦτον ἄνδρα; πολλή γε. ὀδυρμούς τε καὶ στεναγμοὺς καὶ θρήνους καὶ ἀλγηδόνας οἴει ἔν τινι ἄλλῃ πλείους εὑρήσειν; οὐδαμῶς. ἐν ἀνδρὶ δὲ ἡγῇ τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐν ἄλλῳ τινὶ πλείω εἶναι ἢ ἐν τῷ μαινομένῳ ὑπὸ ἐπιθυμιῶν τε καὶ ἐρώτων τούτῳ τῷ τυραννικῷ; πῶς γὰρ ἄν; ἔφη.
Is it not necessary that both such a city and such a man be full of fear?" "Very much so." "Would you think that you would find wailing, groaning, lamenting, and grieving more in any other than in this one?" "By no means." "And in a man, do you think such things are more in anyone else than in this tyrannical man who is driven mad by desires and loves?" "How could they be?" he said.
εἰς πάντα δὴ οἶμαι ταῦτά τε καὶ ἄλλα τοιαῦτα ἀποβλέψας τήν τε πόλιν τῶν πόλεων ἀθλιωτάτην ἔκρινας— οὐκοῦν ὀρθῶς; ἔφη.
"Looking then at all these things and other similar ones, you judged that city to be the most miserable of all cities—was it not rightly?" "Yes, indeed," he said.
καὶ μάλα, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ.
"Quite so," I said.
ἀλλὰ περὶ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς αὖ τοῦ τυραννικοῦ τί λέγεις εἰς ταὐτὰ ταῦτα ἀποβλέπων; μακρῷ, ἔφη, ἀθλιώτατον εἶναι τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων. τοῦτο, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ, οὐκέτʼ ὀρθῶς λέγεις. πῶς; ἦ δʼ ὅς.
"But what do you say in turn of the tyrannical man, looking at these same things?" "That he is by far," he said, "the most miserable of all." "In this," I said, "you are no longer speaking rightly." "How so?" he said.
οὔπω, ἔφην, οἶμαι, οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ τοιοῦτος μάλιστα. ἀλλὰ τίς μήν; ὅδε ἴσως σοι ἔτι δόξει εἶναι τούτου ἀθλιώτερος. ποῖος; ὃς ἄν, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ, τυραννικὸς ὢν μὴ ἰδιώτην βίον καταβιῷ, ἀλλὰ δυστυχὴς ᾖ καὶ αὐτῷ ὑπό τινος συμφορᾶς ἐκπορισθῇ ὥστε τυράννῳ γενέσθαι. τεκμαίρομαί σε, ἔφη, ἐκ τῶν προειρημένων ἀληθῆ λέγειν. ναί, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ, ἀλλʼ οὐκ οἴεσθαι χρὴ τὰ τοιαῦτα, ἀλλʼ εὖ μάλα τῷ τοιούτῳ λόγῳ σκοπεῖν· περὶ γάρ τοι τοῦ μεγίστου ἡ σκέψις, ἀγαθοῦ τε βίου καὶ κακοῦ. ὀρθότατα, ἦ δʼ ὅς.
"I do not think," I said, "that this man is as yet the one who is most of all so." "But who then?" "Perhaps this other one will seem to you to be even more miserable than him." "What kind of man?" "He who," I said, "being of tyrannical nature, does not live out a private life, but is unfortunate and is provided with an opportunity by some chance to become a tyrant." "I surmise from what was said before," he said, "that you speak the truth." "Yes," I said, "but we must not merely think such things, but examine it right well by this argument; for our inquiry is about the greatest thing, namely, a good and a bad life." "Most rightly," he said.
σκόπει δὴ εἰ ἄρα τι λέγω.
"Look then to see if I am saying anything.
δοκεῖ γάρ μοι δεῖν ἐννοῆσαι ἐκ τῶνδε περὶ αὐτοῦ σκοποῦντας. ἐκ τίνων; ἐξ ἑνὸς ἑκάστου τῶν ἰδιωτῶν, ὅσοι πλούσιοι ἐν πόλεσιν ἀνδράποδα πολλὰ κέκτηνται.
For it seems to me we ought to understand it from these considerations in examining him." "From what?" "From each of the private citizens who are wealthy in cities and possess many slaves.
οὗτοι γὰρ τοῦτό γε προσόμοιον ἔχουσιν τοῖς τυράννοις, τὸ πολλῶν ἄρχειν· διαφέρει δὲ τὸ ἐκείνου πλῆθος. διαφέρει γάρ. οἶσθʼ οὖν ὅτι οὗτοι ἀδεῶς ἔχουσιν καὶ οὐ φοβοῦνται τοὺς οἰκέτας; τί γὰρ ἂν φοβοῖντο; οὐδέν, εἶπον·
For these at least have this similarity to tyrants: they rule over many; though the tyrant's number of subjects differs." "Yes, it does." "Do you know, then, that these live without fear and do not fear their household slaves?" "For why should they fear them?" "Nothing," I said.
ἀλλὰ τὸ αἴτιον ἐννοεῖς; ναί, ὅτι γε πᾶσα ἡ πόλις ἑνὶ ἑκάστῳ βοηθεῖ τῶν ἰδιωτῶν. καλῶς, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ, λέγεις.
"But do you understand the reason?" "Yes, because the whole city helps each of the private citizens." "You speak well," I said.
τί δέ;
"And what of this?
εἴ τις θεῶν ἄνδρα ἕνα, ὅτῳ ἔστιν ἀνδράποδα πεντήκοντα ἢ καὶ πλείω, ἄρας ἐκ τῆς πόλεως αὐτόν τε καὶ γυναῖκα καὶ παῖδας θείη εἰς ἐρημίαν μετὰ τῆς ἄλλης οὐσίας τε καὶ τῶν οἰκετῶν, ὅπου αὐτῷ μηδεὶς τῶν ἐλευθέρων μέλλοι βοηθήσειν, ἐν ποίῳ ἄν τινι καὶ ὁπόσῳ φόβῳ οἴει γενέσθαι αὐτὸν περί τε αὑτοῦ καὶ παίδων καὶ γυναικός, μὴ ἀπόλοιντο ὑπὸ τῶν οἰκετῶν; ἐν παντί, ἦ δʼ ὅς, ἔγωγε. §9.579οὐκοῦν ἀναγκάζοιτο ἄν τινας ἤδη θωπεύειν αὐτῶν τῶν δούλων καὶ ὑπισχνεῖσθαι πολλὰ καὶ ἐλευθεροῦν οὐδὲν δεόμενος, καὶ κόλαξ αὐτὸς ἂν θεραπόντων ἀναφανείη; πολλὴ ἀνάγκη, ἔφη, αὐτῷ, ἢ ἀπολωλέναι. τί δʼ, εἰ καὶ ἄλλους, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ, ὁ θεὸς κύκλῳ κατοικίσειεν γείτονας πολλοὺς αὐτῷ, οἳ μὴ ἀνέχοιντο εἴ τις ἄλλος ἄλλου δεσπόζειν ἀξιοῖ, ἀλλʼ εἴ πού τινα τοιοῦτον λαμβάνοιεν, ταῖς ἐσχάταις τιμωροῖντο τιμωρίαις; ἔτι ἄν, ἔφη, οἶμαι, μᾶλλον ἐν παντὶ κακοῦ εἴη, κύκλῳ φρουρούμενος ὑπὸ πάντων πολεμίων. ἆρʼ οὖν οὐκ ἐν τοιούτῳ μὲν δεσμωτηρίῳ δέδεται ὁ τύραννος, φύσει ὢν οἷον διεληλύθαμεν, πολλῶν καὶ παντοδαπῶν φόβων καὶ ἐρώτων μεστός· λίχνῳ δὲ ὄντι αὐτῷ τὴν ψυχὴν μόνῳ τῶν ἐν τῇ πόλει οὔτε ἀποδημῆσαι ἔξεστιν οὐδαμόσε, οὔτε θεωρῆσαι ὅσων δὴ καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι ἐλεύθεροι ἐπιθυμηταί εἰσιν, καταδεδυκὼς δὲ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ τὰ πολλὰ ὡς γυνὴ ζῇ, φθονῶν καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις πολίταις, ἐάν τις ἔξω ἀποδημῇ καί τι ἀγαθὸν ὁρᾷ; παντάπασιν μὲν οὖν, ἔφη.
If one of the gods should lift a single man, who has fifty slaves or even more, out of the city, both him and his wife and children, and place him in a desert with his other property and his slaves, where no free man was going to help him, in what kind of fear and how much of it do you think he would be, both for himself and his children and wife, lest they be destroyed by the slaves?" "In every fear," he said, "for my part." "Would he not then be forced to flatter some of those very slaves, and make many promises, and set them free when there was no need to, and appear himself as a flatterer of servants?" "Much necessity is on him," he said, "or else to be destroyed." "And what if," I said, "the god should settle many other neighbors in a circle around him, who would not tolerate it if anyone claimed to master another, but if they should catch anyone doing so, would punish him with the extreme punishments?" "Still more," he said, "I think, would he be in every kind of evil, being guarded in a circle by nothing but enemies." "And is it not in such a prison that the tyrant is bound, being by nature such as we have described, full of many and various fears and loves; and though his soul is greedy, he is the only one in the city who is not allowed to travel anywhere, nor to see all those things which other free men desire, but living cowering in his house, he lives for the most part like a woman, envying the other citizens if anyone travels abroad and sees something good?" "Entirely so," he said.
οὐκοῦν τοῖς τοιούτοις κακοῖς πλείω καρποῦται ἀνὴρ ὃς ἂν κακῶς ἐν ἑαυτῷ πολιτευόμενος, ὃν νυνδὴ σὺ ἀθλιώτατον ἔκρινας, τὸν τυραννικόν, ὡς μὴ ἰδιώτης καταβιῷ, ἀλλὰ ἀναγκασθῇ ὑπό τινος τύχης τυραννεῦσαι καὶ ἑαυτοῦ ὢν ἀκράτωρ ἄλλων ἐπιχειρήσῃ ἄρχειν, ὥσπερ εἴ τις κάμνοντι σώματι καὶ ἀκράτορι ἑαυτοῦ μὴ ἰδιωτεύων ἀλλʼ ἀγωνιζόμενος πρὸς ἄλλα σώματα καὶ μαχόμενος ἀναγκάζοιτο διάγειν τὸν βίον. παντάπασιν, ἔφη, ὁμοιότατά τε καὶ ἀληθέστατα λέγεις, ὦ Σώκρατες. οὐκοῦν, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ, ὦ φίλε Γλαύκων, παντελῶς τὸ πάθος ἄθλιον, καὶ τοῦ ὑπὸ σοῦ κριθέντος χαλεπώτατα ζῆν χαλεπώτερον ἔτι ζῇ ὁ τυραννῶν; κομιδῇ γʼ, ἔφη.
"Is it not then in such evils that the man reaps more who is poorly governed in himself—whom you just now judged to be the most miserable, the tyrannical man—when he does not live out his life as a private citizen, but is forced by some fortune to rule as a tyrant, and being unable to control himself, attempts to rule others, just as if one with a sick and uncontrollable body, instead of living a private life, were forced to spend his life competing and fighting against other bodies?" "Entirely, Socrates," he said, "you speak most similarly and truly." "Is not then," I said, "my dear Glaucon, the condition altogether miserable, and does not the tyrant live a life still more difficult than the one judged by you to live most difficultly?" "By all means," he said.
ἔστιν ἄρα τῇ ἀληθείᾳ, κἂν εἰ μή τῳ δοκεῖ, ὁ τῷ ὄντι τύραννος τῷ ὄντι δοῦλος τὰς μεγίστας θωπείας καὶ δουλείας καὶ κόλαξ τῶν πονηροτάτων, καὶ τὰς ἐπιθυμίας οὐδʼ ὁπωστιοῦν ἀποπιμπλάς, ἀλλὰ πλείστων ἐπιδεέστατος καὶ πένης τῇ ἀληθείᾳ φαίνεται, ἐάν τις ὅλην ψυχὴν ἐπίστηται θεάσασθαι, καὶ φόβου γέμων διὰ παντὸς τοῦ βίου, σφαδᾳσμῶν τε καὶ ὀδυνῶν πλήρης, εἴπερ τῇ τῆς πόλεως διαθέσει ἧς ἄρχει ἔοικεν.
"Then in truth, even if it does not seem so to someone, the tyrant in reality is a slave in reality to the greatest flatteries and slaveries, and a flatterer of the most wicked, and not satisfying his desires in any way at all, but appearing to be in the greatest need of most things and truly poor, if one knows how to contemplate a soul as a whole; and he is full of fear throughout his whole life, and full of convulsions and pains, if indeed he resembles the condition of the city which he rules.
ἔοικεν δέ· ἦ γάρ; καὶ μάλα, ἔφη.
And he does resemble it; is it not so?" "Very much so," he said.