§8.551τιμωμένου δὴ πλούτου ἐν πόλει καὶ τῶν πλουσίων ἀτιμοτέρα ἀρετή τε καὶ οἱ ἀγαθοί. δῆλον. ἀσκεῖται δὴ τὸ ἀεὶ τιμώμενον, ἀμελεῖται δὲ τὸ ἀτιμαζόμενον. οὕτω. ἀντὶ δὴ φιλονίκων καὶ φιλοτίμων ἀνδρῶν φιλοχρηματισταὶ καὶ φιλοχρήματοι τελευτῶντες ἐγένοντο, καὶ τὸν μὲν πλούσιον ἐπαινοῦσίν τε καὶ θαυμάζουσι καὶ εἰς τὰς ἀρχὰς ἄγουσι, τὸν δὲ πένητα ἀτιμάζουσι. πάνυ γε. οὐκοῦν τότε δὴ νόμον τίθενται ὅρον πολιτείας ὀλιγαρχικῆς ταξάμενοι πλῆθος χρημάτων, οὗ μὲν μᾶλλον ὀλιγαρχία, πλέον, οὗ δʼ ἧττον, ἔλαττον, προειπόντες ἀρχῶν μὴ μετέχειν ᾧ ἂν μὴ ᾖ οὐσία εἰς τὸ ταχθὲν τίμημα, ταῦτα δὲ ἢ βίᾳ μεθʼ ὅπλων διαπράττονται, ἢ καὶ πρὸ τούτου φοβήσαντες κατεστήσαντο τὴν τοιαύτην πολιτείαν.
"When indeed wealth and the wealthy are honored in a city, virtue and the good are held in less honor." "Plainly." "And what is always honored is practiced, and what is dishonored is neglected." "So it is." "So instead of victory-loving and honor-loving men, they become at last lovers of money-making and lovers of money, and they praise and admire the rich man and bring him into office, but they dishonor the poor man." "Indeed." "Do they not then at that time establish a law as the boundary of an oligarchical constitution, having prescribed a quantity of money—where there is more of an oligarchy, more; where less, less—announcing beforehand that anyone who does not have property up to the prescribed assessment shall not share in office? And they achieve these things either by force of arms, or even before this by terrifying them they set up such a constitution.
ἢ οὐχ οὕτως; οὕτω μὲν οὖν. ἡ μὲν δὴ κατάστασις ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν αὕτη. ναί, ἔφη· ἀλλὰ τίς δὴ ὁ τρόπος τῆς πολιτείας;
Or is it not so?" "Indeed, so it is." "The establishment, then, is so to speak this." "Yes," he said, "but what indeed is the character of the constitution?
καὶ ποῖά ἐστιν ἃ ἔφαμεν αὐτὴν ἁμαρτήματα ἔχειν; πρῶτον μέν, ἔφην, τοῦτο αὐτό, ὅρος αὐτῆς οἷός ἐστιν.
And what kind of errors did we say it has?" "First indeed," I said, "this very thing, what its boundary is.
ἄθρει γάρ, εἰ νεῶν οὕτω τις ποιοῖτο κυβερνήτας, ἀπὸ τιμημάτων, τῷ δὲ πένητι, εἰ καὶ κυβερνητικώτερος εἴη, μὴ ἐπιτρέποι— πονηράν, ἦ δʼ ὅς, τὴν ναυτιλίαν αὐτοὺς ναυτίλλεσθαι. οὐκοῦν καὶ περὶ ἄλλου οὕτως ὁτουοῦν ἀρχῆς; οἶμαι ἔγωγε. πλὴν πόλεως; ἦν δʼ ἐγώ· ἢ καὶ πόλεως πέρι; πολύ γʼ, ἔφη, μάλιστα, ὅσῳ χαλεπωτάτη καὶ μεγίστη ἡ ἀρχή. ἓν μὲν δὴ τοῦτο τοσοῦτον ὀλιγαρχία ἂν ἔχοι ἁμάρτημα. φαίνεται.
For look, if one were to make pilots of ships in this way, by property-assessments, and not entrust it to the poor man, even if he were a better pilot—" "A miserable voyage," he said, "they would sail." "Is it not so also concerning any other office whatsoever?" "I suppose so." "Except for a city?" I said, "or also concerning a city?" "Much indeed most of all," he said, "inasmuch as the office is most difficult and greatest." "This then is one such great error that oligarchy would have." "So it appears." "What then?
τί δέ; τόδε ἆρά τι τούτου ἔλαττον; τὸ ποῖον; τὸ μὴ μίαν ἀλλὰ δύο ἀνάγκῃ εἶναι τὴν τοιαύτην πόλιν, τὴν μὲν πενήτων, τὴν δὲ πλουσίων, οἰκοῦντας ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ, ἀεὶ ἐπιβουλεύοντας ἀλλήλοις. οὐδὲν μὰ Δίʼ, ἔφη, ἔλαττον. ἀλλὰ μὴν οὐδὲ τόδε καλόν, τὸ ἀδυνάτους εἶναι ἴσως πόλεμόν τινα πολεμεῖν διὰ τὸ ἀναγκάζεσθαι ἢ χρωμένους τῷ πλήθει ὡπλισμένῳ δεδιέναι μᾶλλον ἢ τοὺς πολεμίους, ἢ μὴ χρωμένους ὡς ἀληθῶς ὀλιγαρχικοὺς φανῆναι ἐν αὐτῷ τῷ μάχεσθαι, καὶ ἅμα χρήματα μὴ ἐθέλειν εἰσφέρειν, ἅτε φιλοχρημάτους.
Is this one any less than that?" "What kind of thing?" "That such a city is of necessity not one, but two, the city of the poor and that of the rich, dwelling in the same place, always plotting against one another." "By Zeus," he said, "no less indeed." "Moreover, neither is this good, that they are perhaps unable to wage any war because of being forced either, when using the armed multitude, to fear them more than the enemy, or, when not using them, to appear truly oligarchical in the battle itself, and at the same time being unwilling to contribute money, inasmuch as they are lovers of money." "Not good." "What then?
οὐ καλόν. §8.552τί δέ; ὃ πάλαι ἐλοιδοροῦμεν, τὸ πολυπραγμονεῖν γεωργοῦντας καὶ χρηματιζομένους καὶ πολεμοῦντας ἅμα τοὺς αὐτοὺς ἐν τῇ τοιαύτῃ πολιτείᾳ, ἦ δοκεῖ ὀρθῶς ἔχειν; οὐδʼ ὁπωστιοῦν. ὅρα δή, τούτων πάντων τῶν κακῶν εἰ τόδε μέγιστον αὕτη πρώτη παραδέχεται. τὸ ποῖον; τὸ ἐξεῖναι πάντα τὰ αὑτοῦ ἀποδόσθαι, καὶ ἄλλῳ κτήσασθαι τὰ τούτου, καὶ ἀποδόμενον οἰκεῖν ἐν τῇ πόλει μηδὲν ὄντα τῶν τῆς πόλεως μερῶν, μήτε χρηματιστὴν μήτε δημιουργὸν μήτε ἱππέα μήτε ὁπλίτην, ἀλλὰ πένητα καὶ ἄπορον κεκλημένον. πρώτη, ἔφη.
That which we were abusing long ago, that the same men in such a constitution should be meddlesome, farming, making money, and waging war at the same time, does it seem to be right?" "By no means." "Look then, of all these evils, does this constitution first admit this greatest one?" "What kind of thing?" "That it is permitted for a man to sell all his own property, and for another to acquire it, and after selling it, to dwell in the city while being no part of the city, neither a money-maker, nor a craftsman, nor a horseman, nor a hoplite, but called a poor man and a pauper." "First indeed," he said.
οὔκουν διακωλύεταί γε ἐν ταῖς ὀλιγαρχουμέναις τὸ τοιοῦτον· οὐ γὰρ ἂν οἱ μὲν ὑπέρπλουτοι ἦσαν, οἱ δὲ παντάπασι πένητες. ὀρθῶς. τόδε δὲ ἄθρει· ἆρα ὅτε πλούσιος ὢν ἀνήλισκεν ὁ τοιοῦτος, μᾶλλόν τι τότʼ ἦν ὄφελος τῇ πόλει εἰς ἃ νυνδὴ ἐλέγομεν;
"At any rate, such a thing is not prevented in oligarchies; for otherwise some would not be super-rich and others completely poor." "Right." "But look at this: when such a man was rich and spending money, was he then of any more use to the city for the things we were just mentioning?
ἢ ἐδόκει μὲν τῶν ἀρχόντων εἶναι, τῇ δὲ ἀληθείᾳ οὔτε ἄρχων οὔτε ὑπηρέτης ἦν αὐτῆς, ἀλλὰ τῶν ἑτοίμων ἀναλωτής; οὕτως, ἔφη· ἐδόκει, ἦν δὲ οὐδὲν ἄλλο ἢ ἀναλωτής. βούλει οὖν, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ, φῶμεν αὐτόν, ὡς ἐν κηρίῳ κηφὴν ἐγγίγνεται, σμήνους νόσημα, οὕτω καὶ τὸν τοιοῦτον ἐν οἰκίᾳ κηφῆνα ἐγγίγνεσθαι, νόσημα πόλεως; πάνυ μὲν οὖν, ἔφη, ὦ Σώκρατες.
Or did he seem to be one of the rulers, but in truth was neither a ruler nor a servant of it, but a consumer of what was ready?" "Thus," he said; "he seemed, but was nothing other than a consumer." "Do you wish then," I said, "for us to say of him that, just as a drone comes to be in a cell, a disease of the hive, so also such a man comes to be in a house as a drone, a disease of the city?" "Entirely so, Socrates," he said.
οὐκοῦν, ὦ Ἀδείμαντε, τοὺς μὲν πτηνοὺς κηφῆνας πάντας ἀκέντρους ὁ θεὸς πεποίηκεν, τοὺς δὲ πεζοὺς τούτους ἐνίους μὲν αὐτῶν ἀκέντρους, ἐνίους δὲ δεινὰ κέντρα ἔχοντας;
"Has not God, Adeimantus, made all the winged drones stingless, but of these pedestrian ones, some indeed stingless, but some having terrible stings?
καὶ ἐκ μὲν τῶν ἀκέντρων πτωχοὶ πρὸς τὸ γῆρας τελευτῶσιν, ἐκ δὲ τῶν κεκεντρωμένων πάντες ὅσοι κέκληνται κακοῦργοι; ἀληθέστατα, ἔφη.
And from the stingless ones, beggars end up in old age, but from the stung ones, all those who are called criminals?" "Most true," he said.
δῆλον ἄρα, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ, ἐν πόλει οὗ ἂν ἴδῃς πτωχούς, ὅτι εἰσί που ἐν τούτῳ τῷ τόπῳ ἀποκεκρυμμένοι κλέπται τε καὶ βαλλαντιατόμοι καὶ ἱερόσυλοι καὶ πάντων τῶν τοιούτων κακῶν δημιουργοί. δῆλον, ἔφη.
"It is clear then," I said, "in a city where you see beggars, that there are somewhere in this place hidden thieves and cutpurses and temple-robbers and craftsmen of all such evils." "Clear," he said.
τί οὖν;
"What then?
ἐν ταῖς ὀλιγαρχουμέναις πόλεσι πτωχοὺς οὐχ ὁρᾷς ἐνόντας; ὀλίγου γʼ, ἔφη, πάντας τοὺς ἐκτὸς τῶν ἀρχόντων. μὴ οὖν οἰόμεθα, ἔφην ἐγώ, καὶ κακούργους πολλοὺς ἐν αὐταῖς εἶναι κέντρα ἔχοντας, οὓς ἐπιμελείᾳ βίᾳ κατέχουσιν αἱ ἀρχαί; οἰόμεθα μὲν οὖν, ἔφη.
Do you not see beggars being present in oligarchic cities?" "Almost all," he said, "except for the rulers." "Should we not then suppose," I said, "that there are also many criminals in them having stings, whom the rulers carefully restrain by force?" "We should indeed suppose so," he said.
ἆρʼ οὖν οὐ διʼ ἀπαιδευσίαν καὶ κακὴν τροφὴν καὶ κατάστασιν τῆς πολιτείας φήσομεν τοὺς τοιούτους αὐτόθι ἐγγίγνεσθαι; φήσομεν. ἀλλʼ οὖν δὴ τοιαύτη γέ τις ἂν εἴη ἡ ὀλιγαρχουμένη πόλις καὶ τοσαῦτα κακὰ ἔχουσα, ἴσως δὲ καὶ πλείω. σχεδόν τι, ἔφη.
"Shall we not then say that such men come to be there because of lack of education, bad nurture, and the setup of the constitution?" "We shall." "At any rate, such would be the oligarchic city, and having so many evils, and perhaps even more." "Almost so," he said.