§8.545διεληλύθαμεν.
"We have gone through.
ἆρʼ οὖν τὸ μετὰ τοῦτο διιτέον τοὺς χείρους, τὸν φιλόνικόν τε καὶ φιλότιμον, κατὰ τὴν Λακωνικὴν ἑστῶτα πολιτείαν, καὶ ὀλιγαρχικὸν αὖ καὶ δημοκρατικὸν καὶ τὸν τυραννικόν, ἵνα τὸν ἀδικώτατον ἰδόντες ἀντιθῶμεν τῷ δικαιοτάτῳ καὶ ἡμῖν τελέα ἡ σκέψις ᾖ, πῶς ποτε ἡ ἄκρατος δικαιοσύνη πρὸς ἀδικίαν τὴν ἄκρατον ἔχει εὐδαιμονίας τε πέρι τοῦ ἔχοντος καὶ ἀθλιότητος, ἵνα ἢ Θρασυμάχῳ πειθόμενοι διώκωμεν ἀδικίαν ἢ τῷ νῦν προφαινομένῳ λόγῳ δικαιοσύνην; παντάπασι μὲν οὖν, ἔφη, οὕτω ποιητέον. ἆρʼ οὖν, ὥσπερ ἠρξάμεθα ἐν ταῖς πολιτείαις πρότερον σκοπεῖν τὰ ἤθη ἢ ἐν τοῖς ἰδιώταις, ὡς ἐναργέστερον ὄν, καὶ νῦν οὕτω πρῶτον μὲν τὴν φιλότιμον σκεπτέον πολιτείαν —ὄνομα γὰρ οὐκ ἔχω λεγόμενον ἄλλο· ἢ τιμοκρατίαν ἢ τιμαρχίαν αὐτὴν κλητέον—πρὸς δὲ ταύτην τὸν τοιοῦτον ἄνδρα σκεψόμεθα, ἔπειτα ὀλιγαρχίαν καὶ ἄνδρα ὀλιγαρχικόν, αὖθις δὲ εἰς δημοκρατίαν ἀποβλέψαντες θεασόμεθα ἄνδρα δημοκρατικόν, τὸ δὲ τέταρτον εἰς τυραννουμένην πόλιν ἐλθόντες καὶ ἰδόντες, πάλιν εἰς τυραννικὴν ψυχὴν βλέποντες, πειρασόμεθα περὶ ὧν προυθέμεθα ἱκανοὶ κριταὶ γενέσθαι; κατὰ λόγον γέ τοι ἄν, ἔφη, οὕτω γίγνοιτο ἥ τε θέα καὶ ἡ κρίσις. φέρε τοίνυν, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ, πειρώμεθα λέγειν τίνα τρόπον τιμοκρατία γένοιτʼ ἂν ἐξ ἀριστοκρατίας.
Must we, then, next go through the worse men—the one who loves victory and honor, standing in accordance with the Laconian constitution, and next the oligarchic, the democratic, and the tyrannical—in order that having seen the most unjust man we may contrast him with the most just, and that our inquiry may be complete as to how pure justice stands in relation to pure injustice with respect to the happiness and wretchedness of the possessor, so that we may either, being persuaded by Thrasymachus, pursue injustice, or by the argument now appearing, pursue justice?" "Entirely so," he said, "that is how we must do." "Then, just as we began earlier to examine characters in constitutions before those in individuals, as being clearer, must we now also likewise first examine the constitution that loves honor—for I have no other name for it in common use; it must be called either timocracy or timarchy—and in comparison with this, we shall examine such a man; next oligarchy and the oligarchic man; and in turn, looking toward democracy, we shall observe the democratic man; and fourth, going to a city ruled by a tyrant and seeing it, and looking again into the tyrannical soul, we shall try to become adequate judges of what we proposed?" "In all reason, at least," he said, "the observation and judgment would happen in this way." "Come then," I said, "let us try to say in what way timocracy would arise from aristocracy.
ἢ τόδε μὲν ἁπλοῦν, ὅτι πᾶσα πολιτεία μεταβάλλει ἐξ αὐτοῦ τοῦ ἔχοντος τὰς ἀρχάς, ὅταν ἐν αὐτῷ τούτῳ στάσις ἐγγένηται· ὁμονοοῦντος δέ, κἂν πάνυ ὀλίγον ᾖ, ἀδύνατον κινηθῆναι; ἔστι γὰρ οὕτω. πῶς οὖν δή, εἶπον, ὦ Γλαύκων, ἡ πόλις ἡμῖν κινηθήσεται, καὶ πῇ στασιάσουσιν οἱ ἐπίκουροι καὶ οἱ ἄρχοντες πρὸς ἀλλήλους τε καὶ πρὸς ἑαυτούς;
Or is this simple, that every constitution changes from that very part which holds the offices, when faction arises in this very part; but if it is of one mind, even if it is very small, it is impossible for it to be moved?" "It is indeed so." "How then," I said, "O Glaucon, will our city be moved, and in what way will the auxiliaries and the rulers fall into faction against one another and among themselves?
ἢ βούλει, ὥσπερ Ὅμηρος, εὐχώμεθα ταῖς Μούσαις εἰπεῖν ἡμῖν
"ὅπως δὴ"
"πρῶτον"
στάσις
"ἔμπεσε"
, καὶ φῶμεν αὐτὰς τραγικῶς ὡς πρὸς παῖδας ἡμᾶς παιζούσας καὶ ἐρεσχηλούσας, ὡς δὴ σπουδῇ λεγούσας, ὑψηλολογουμένας λέγειν; πῶς; §8.546ὧδέ πως. χαλεπὸν μὲν κινηθῆναι πόλιν οὕτω συστᾶσαν·
Or do you wish, like Homer, that we pray to the Muses to tell us 'how first faction fell upon them', and let us say that they speak to us in a tragic manner, playing and teasing us as though we were children, speaking as if they were in earnest, talking in a high-flown style?" "How?" "In some such way: 'It is hard for a city thus established to be moved.
ἀλλʼ ἐπεὶ γενομένῳ παντὶ φθορά ἐστιν, οὐδʼ ἡ τοιαύτη σύστασις τὸν ἅπαντα μενεῖ χρόνον, ἀλλὰ λυθήσεται.
But since for everything that has come into being there is destruction, not even such a constitution will remain for all time, but it will be dissolved.
λύσις δὲ ἥδε· οὐ μόνον φυτοῖς ἐγγείοις, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν ἐπιγείοις ζῴοις φορὰ καὶ ἀφορία ψυχῆς τε καὶ σωμάτων γίγνονται, ὅταν περιτροπαὶ ἑκάστοις κύκλων περιφορὰς συνάπτωσι, βραχυβίοις μὲν βραχυπόρους, ἐναντίοις δὲ ἐναντίας.
And the dissolution is this: not only for plants in the earth, but also among animals on the earth, there occur fertility and barrenness of soul and bodies, whenever the revolutions of the circles join together their circumferences for each, bringing short courses to the short-lived, and the opposite to the opposite.
γένους δὲ ὑμετέρου εὐγονίας τε καὶ ἀφορίας, καίπερ ὄντες σοφοί, οὓς ἡγεμόνας πόλεως ἐπαιδεύσασθε, οὐδὲν μᾶλλον λογισμῷ μετʼ αἰσθήσεως τεύξονται, ἀλλὰ πάρεισιν αὐτοὺς καὶ γεννήσουσι παῖδάς ποτε οὐ δέον.
But concerning the good breeding and barrenness of your race, though they are wise, those whom you have educated to be leaders of the city will no more attain it by calculation accompanied by perception, but it will escape them, and they will at some time beget children when they should not.
ἔστι δὲ θείῳ μὲν γεννητῷ περίοδος ἣν ἀριθμὸς περιλαμβάνει τέλειος, ἀνθρωπείῳ δὲ ἐν ᾧ πρώτῳ αὐξήσεις δυνάμεναί τε καὶ δυναστευόμεναι, τρεῖς ἀποστάσεις, τέτταρας δὲ ὅρους λαβοῦσαι ὁμοιούντων τε καὶ ἀνομοιούντων καὶ αὐξόντων καὶ φθινόντων, πάντα προσήγορα καὶ ῥητὰ πρὸς ἄλληλα ἀπέφηναν·
For a divine birth there is a period which a perfect number encompasses, but for a human one, in the first number in which increases, both dominating and dominated, having taken three intervals and four limits of things making like and unlike, and increasing and decreasing, render all things conversable and rational in relation to one another.
ὧν ἐπίτριτος πυθμὴν πεμπάδι συζυγεὶς δύο ἁρμονίας παρέχεται τρὶς αὐξηθείς, τὴν μὲν ἴσην ἰσάκις, ἑκατὸν τοσαυτάκις, τὴν δὲ ἰσομήκη μὲν τῇ, προμήκη δέ, ἑκατὸν μὲν ἀριθμῶν ἀπὸ διαμέτρων ῥητῶν πεμπάδος, δεομένων ἑνὸς ἑκάστων, ἀρρήτων δὲ δυοῖν, ἑκατὸν δὲ κύβων τριάδος.
Of which, a sesquitertian base joined with a pempad, when thrice increased, provides two harmonies: the one equal an equal number of times, a hundred times so much; the other of equal length indeed to this, but oblong—on the one hand, of a hundred numbers from rational diameters of the pempad, each needing one, or of irrational ones, needing two, and on the other hand, of a hundred cubes of the triad.
σύμπας δὲ οὗτος ἀριθμὸς γεωμετρικός, τοιούτου κύριος, ἀμεινόνων τε καὶ χειρόνων γενέσεων, ἃς ὅταν ἀγνοήσαντες ὑμῖν οἱ φύλακες συνοικίζωσιν νύμφας νυμφίοις παρὰ καιρόν, οὐκ εὐφυεῖς οὐδʼ εὐτυχεῖς παῖδες ἔσονται·
And this entire number is geometrical, lord of such a thing, of better and worse births, which when your guardians, being ignorant of it, unite brides and bridegrooms for you out of season, the children will be neither well-endowed nor fortunate.
ὧν καταστήσουσι μὲν τοὺς ἀρίστους οἱ πρότεροι, ὅμως δὲ ὄντες ἀνάξιοι, εἰς τὰς τῶν πατέρων αὖ δυνάμεις ἐλθόντες, ἡμῶν πρῶτον ἄρξονται ἀμελεῖν φύλακες ὄντες, παρʼ ἔλαττον τοῦ δέοντος ἡγησάμενοι τὰ μουσικῆς, δεύτερον δὲ τὰ γυμναστικῆς, ὅθεν ἀμουσότεροι γενήσονται ὑμῖν οἱ νέοι.
Of whom the predecessors will appoint the best, but nevertheless, being unworthy, when they in turn come into the powers of their fathers, they will first begin to neglect us, though they are guardians, holding the things of music in less esteem than is proper, and secondly the things of gymnastics, whence your youth will become more unmusical.
ἐκ δὲ τούτων ἄρχοντες οὐ πάνυ φυλακικοὶ καταστήσονται πρὸς τὸ δοκιμάζειν τὰ Ἡσιόδου τε καὶ τὰ παρʼ ὑμῖν γένη, χρυσοῦν τε καὶ ἀργυροῦν καὶ χαλκοῦν καὶ σιδηροῦν·
And from these, rulers not entirely guardian-like will be appointed for the testing of the races of Hesiod and of those among you, namely the golden, the silver, the bronze, and the iron.'"