§7.517τὰς δὲ δὴ σκιὰς ἐκείνας πάλιν εἰ δέοι αὐτὸν γνωματεύοντα διαμιλλᾶσθαι τοῖς ἀεὶ δεσμώταις ἐκείνοις, ἐν ᾧ ἀμβλυώττει, πρὶν καταστῆναι τὰ ὄμματα, οὗτος δʼ ὁ χρόνος μὴ πάνυ ὀλίγος εἴη τῆς συνηθείας, ἆρʼ οὐ γέλωτʼ ἂν παράσχοι, καὶ λέγοιτο ἂν περὶ αὐτοῦ ὡς ἀναβὰς ἄνω διεφθαρμένος ἥκει τὰ ὄμματα, καὶ ὅτι οὐκ ἄξιον οὐδὲ πειρᾶσθαι ἄνω ἰέναι;
"And if he had to compete again with those perpetual prisoners in evaluating those shadows, while his sight was still dim, before his eyes had recovered—and this time of habituation would not be very short—would he not provoke laughter, and would it not be said of him that he had returned from his ascent above with his eyes ruined, and that it was not even worth attempting to go above?
καὶ τὸν ἐπιχειροῦντα λύειν τε καὶ ἀνάγειν, εἴ πως ἐν ταῖς χερσὶ δύναιντο λαβεῖν καὶ ἀποκτείνειν, ἀποκτεινύναι ἄν; σφόδρα γʼ, ἔφη.
And as for the one who attempted to loose them and lead them up, if they could somehow get him into their hands and kill him, would they not kill him?" "Most certainly," he said.
ταύτην τοίνυν, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ, τὴν εἰκόνα, ὦ φίλε Γλαύκων, προσαπτέον ἅπασαν τοῖς ἔμπροσθεν λεγομένοις, τὴν μὲν διʼ ὄψεως φαινομένην ἕδραν τῇ τοῦ δεσμωτηρίου οἰκήσει ἀφομοιοῦντα, τὸ δὲ τοῦ πυρὸς ἐν αὐτῇ φῶς τῇ τοῦ ἡλίου δυνάμει·
"This image, then, my dear Glaucon," I said, "must be applied as a whole to what was said before, likening the region revealed through sight to the habitation of the prison-house, and the light of the fire in it to the power of the sun.
τὴν δὲ ἄνω ἀνάβασιν καὶ θέαν τῶν ἄνω τὴν εἰς τὸν νοητὸν τόπον τῆς ψυχῆς ἄνοδον τιθεὶς οὐχ ἁμαρτήσῃ τῆς γʼ ἐμῆς ἐλπίδος, ἐπειδὴ ταύτης ἐπιθυμεῖς ἀκούειν.
And if you posit the upward ascent and the contemplation of the things above as the soul's ascent into the intelligible region, you will not miss at least my expectation, since this is what you desire to hear.
θεὸς δέ που οἶδεν εἰ ἀληθὴς οὖσα τυγχάνει.
Whether it happens to be true, only god knows.
τὰ δʼ οὖν ἐμοὶ φαινόμενα οὕτω φαίνεται, ἐν τῷ γνωστῷ τελευταία ἡ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ ἰδέα καὶ μόγις ὁρᾶσθαι, ὀφθεῖσα δὲ συλλογιστέα εἶναι ὡς ἄρα πᾶσι πάντων αὕτη ὀρθῶν τε καὶ καλῶν αἰτία, ἔν τε ὁρατῷ φῶς καὶ τὸν τούτου κύριον τεκοῦσα, ἔν τε νοητῷ αὐτὴ κυρία ἀλήθειαν καὶ νοῦν παρασχομένη, καὶ ὅτι δεῖ ταύτην ἰδεῖν τὸν μέλλοντα ἐμφρόνως πράξειν ἢ ἰδίᾳ ἢ δημοσίᾳ. συνοίομαι, ἔφη, καὶ ἐγώ, ὅν γε δὴ τρόπον δύναμαι. ἴθι τοίνυν, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ, καὶ τόδε συνοιήθητι καὶ μὴ θαυμάσῃς ὅτι οἱ ἐνταῦθα ἐλθόντες οὐκ ἐθέλουσιν τὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων πράττειν, ἀλλʼ ἄνω ἀεὶ ἐπείγονται αὐτῶν αἱ ψυχαὶ διατρίβειν· εἰκὸς γάρ που οὕτως, εἴπερ αὖ κατὰ τὴν προειρημένην εἰκόνα τοῦτʼ ἔχει.
At any rate, what appears to me appears in this way: in the knowable realm, the idea of the good is seen last of all, and with difficulty; and once seen, it must be inferred to be the cause of all things right and beautiful for everyone, having produced in the visible realm light and its lord, and in the intelligible realm being itself lord and providing truth and intellect, and that anyone who is to act wisely either in private or in public life must see this." "I agree," he said, "at least in the way that I am able." "Come then," I said, "and agree on this as well, and do not wonder that those who have come to this point are unwilling to engage in human affairs, but their souls always press upward to spend their time there; for this is likely, if indeed this holds true according to the aforementioned image." "It is indeed likely," he said.
εἰκὸς μέντοι, ἔφη. τί δέ;
"And what about this?
τόδε οἴει τι θαυμαστόν, εἰ ἀπὸ θείων, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ, θεωριῶν ἐπὶ τὰ ἀνθρώπειά τις ἐλθὼν κακὰ ἀσχημονεῖ τε καὶ φαίνεται σφόδρα γελοῖος ἔτι ἀμβλυώττων καὶ πρὶν ἱκανῶς συνήθης γενέσθαι τῷ παρόντι σκότῳ ἀναγκαζόμενος ἐν δικαστηρίοις ἢ ἄλλοθί που ἀγωνίζεσθαι περὶ τῶν τοῦ δικαίου σκιῶν ἢ ἀγαλμάτων ὧν αἱ σκιαί, καὶ διαμιλλᾶσθαι περὶ τούτου, ὅπῃ ποτὲ ὑπολαμβάνεται ταῦτα ὑπὸ τῶν αὐτὴν δικαιοσύνην μὴ πώποτε ἰδόντων; οὐδʼ ὁπωστιοῦν θαυμαστόν, ἔφη.
Do you think it is anything surprising," I said, "if someone, coming from divine contemplations to human miseries, behaves awkwardly and appears extremely ridiculous while his sight is still dim and, before becoming sufficiently accustomed to the present darkness, is forced to contend in courts of law or elsewhere about the shadows of justice or the images of which they are shadows, and to dispute about this, in whatever way these things are understood by those who have never yet seen justice itself?" "Not in the least surprising," he said.
§7.518ἀλλʼ εἰ νοῦν γε ἔχοι τις, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ, μεμνῇτʼ ἂν ὅτι διτταὶ καὶ ἀπὸ διττῶν γίγνονται ἐπιταράξεις ὄμμασιν, ἔκ τε φωτὸς εἰς σκότος μεθισταμένων καὶ ἐκ σκότους εἰς φῶς.
"But if someone has sense," I said, "he would remember that disturbances to the eyes occur in two ways and from two causes: both when transferring from light to darkness, and from darkness to light.
ταὐτὰ δὲ ταῦτα νομίσας γίγνεσθαι καὶ περὶ ψυχήν, ὁπότε ἴδοι θορυβουμένην τινὰ καὶ ἀδυνατοῦσάν τι καθορᾶν, οὐκ ἂν ἀλογίστως γελῷ, ἀλλʼ ἐπισκοποῖ ἂν πότερον ἐκ φανοτέρου βίου ἥκουσα ὑπὸ ἀηθείας ἐσκότωται, ἢ ἐξ ἀμαθίας πλείονος εἰς φανότερον ἰοῦσα ὑπὸ λαμπροτέρου μαρμαρυγῆς ἐμπέπλησται, καὶ οὕτω δὴ τὴν μὲν εὐδαιμονίσειεν ἂν τοῦ πάθους τε καὶ βίου, τὴν δὲ ἐλεήσειεν, καὶ εἰ γελᾶν ἐπʼ αὐτῇ βούλοιτο, ἧττον ἂν καταγέλαστος ὁ γέλως αὐτῷ εἴη ἢ ὁ ἐπὶ τῇ ἄνωθεν ἐκ φωτὸς ἡκούσῃ. καὶ μάλα, ἔφη, μετρίως λέγεις. δεῖ δή, εἶπον, ἡμᾶς τοιόνδε νομίσαι περὶ αὐτῶν, εἰ ταῦτʼ ἀληθῆ· τὴν παιδείαν οὐχ οἵαν τινὲς ἐπαγγελλόμενοί φασιν εἶναι τοιαύτην καὶ εἶναι.
And believing that these same things happen also to the soul, whenever he saw one troubled and unable to discern anything, he would not laugh thoughtlessly, but would examine whether, having come from a brighter life, it has been darkened by unaccustomedness, or whether, going from greater ignorance into a brighter one, it has been filled with the dazzle of a more brilliant radiance; and in this way he would congratulate the one on its condition and life, and pity the other, and if he wished to laugh at this latter one, his laughter would be less ridiculous than if directed at the one coming from the light above." "Indeed," he said, "you speak very reasonably." "We must, then," I said, "hold such an opinion about these things, if this is true: that education is not the sort of thing that some people, professionalizing it, say it is.
φασὶ δέ που οὐκ ἐνούσης ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ ἐπιστήμης σφεῖς ἐντιθέναι, οἷον τυφλοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς ὄψιν ἐντιθέντες. φασὶ γὰρ οὖν, ἔφη.
For they say, I suppose, that although knowledge is not in the soul, they put it in, as if putting sight into blind eyes." "They certainly say so," he said.
ὁ δέ γε νῦν λόγος, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ, σημαίνει ταύτην τὴν ἐνοῦσαν ἑκάστου δύναμιν ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ καὶ τὸ ὄργανον ᾧ καταμανθάνει ἕκαστος, οἷον εἰ ὄμμα μὴ δυνατὸν ἦν ἄλλως ἢ σὺν ὅλῳ τῷ σώματι στρέφειν πρὸς τὸ φανὸν ἐκ τοῦ σκοτώδους, οὕτω σὺν ὅλῃ τῇ ψυχῇ ἐκ τοῦ γιγνομένου περιακτέον εἶναι, ἕως ἂν εἰς τὸ ὂν καὶ τοῦ ὄντος τὸ φανότατον δυνατὴ γένηται ἀνασχέσθαι θεωμένη·
"But our present argument," I said, "indicates that this power is already present in the soul of each, along with the organ by which each learns.
τοῦτο δʼ εἶναί φαμεν τἀγαθόν. ἦ γάρ; ναί.
Just as if an eye were not able to turn from the dark to the bright in any other way than with the whole body, so it must be turned around with the whole soul from the world of becoming, until it becomes capable of enduring the contemplation of what is and the brightest part of what is; and this, we say, is the good.
τούτου τοίνυν, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ, αὐτοῦ τέχνη ἂν εἴη, τῆς περιαγωγῆς, τίνα τρόπον ὡς ῥᾷστά τε καὶ ἀνυσιμώτατα μεταστραφήσεται, οὐ τοῦ ἐμποιῆσαι αὐτῷ τὸ ὁρᾶν, ἀλλʼ ὡς ἔχοντι μὲν αὐτό, οὐκ ὀρθῶς δὲ τετραμμένῳ οὐδὲ βλέποντι οἷ ἔδει, τοῦτο διαμηχανήσασθαι. ἔοικεν γάρ, ἔφη.
Is it not?" "Yes." "Of this very thing, then," I said, "there would be an art, namely of this turning around, as to in what way it will be turned around most easily and effectively; not for the purpose of engendering sight in it, but, on the assumption that it already has it but is not rightly turned and does not look where it ought, to bring this about." "It seems so," he said.
αἱ μὲν τοίνυν ἄλλαι ἀρεταὶ καλούμεναι ψυχῆς κινδυνεύουσιν ἐγγύς τι εἶναι τῶν τοῦ σώματος—τῷ ὄντι γὰρ οὐκ ἐνοῦσαι πρότερον ὕστερον ἐμποιεῖσθαι ἔθεσι καὶ ἀσκήσεσιν—ἡ δὲ τοῦ φρονῆσαι παντὸς μᾶλλον θειοτέρου τινὸς τυγχάνει, ὡς ἔοικεν, οὖσα, ὃ τὴν μὲν δύναμιν οὐδέποτε ἀπόλλυσιν, ὑπὸ δὲ τῆς περιαγωγῆς χρήσιμόν τε καὶ ὠφέλιμον καὶ ἄχρηστον αὖ καὶ βλαβερὸν γίγνεται.
"The other virtues of the soul, then, as they are called, seem to be somewhat close to those of the body—for in reality, not being present beforehand, they are later engendered by habits and practices—but that of understanding happens to be, as it seems, of some more divine thing than anything else; it never loses its power, but by the turning around it becomes useful and beneficial, or, on the other hand, useless and harmful."