§238ΣΩ. ὃ δὴ καὶ ἡ ἡμετέρα γῆ τε καὶ μήτηρ ἱκανὸν τεκμήριον παρέχεται ὡς ἀνθρώπους γεννησαμένη· μόνη γὰρ ἐν τῷ τότε καὶ πρώτη τροφὴν ἀνθρωπείαν ἤνεγκεν τὸν τῶν πυρῶν καὶ κριθῶν καρπόν, ᾧ κάλλιστα καὶ ἄριστα τρέφεται τὸ ἀνθρώπειον γένος, ὡς τῷ ὄντι τοῦτο τὸ ζῷον αὐτὴ γεννησαμένη.
"Which thing indeed our land and mother also provides as a sufficient proof that she gave birth to men; for she alone at that time and first bore human nourishment, the fruit of wheat and barley, by which the human race is nourished most beautifully and best, as she herself truly gave birth to this living being.
μᾶλλον δὲ ὑπὲρ γῆς ἢ γυναικὸς προσήκει δέχεσθαι τοιαῦτα τεκμήρια· οὐ γὰρ γῆ γυναῖκα μεμίμηται κυήσει καὶ γεννήσει, ἀλλὰ γυνὴ γῆν.
And it is more fitting to accept such proofs for a land than for a woman; for land has not imitated woman in conception and birth, but woman has imitated land.
τούτου δὲ τοῦ καρποῦ οὐκ ἐφθόνησεν, ἀλλʼ ἔνειμεν καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις.
And of this fruit she was not grudging, but distributed it to others as well.
μετὰ δὲ τοῦτο ἐλαίου γένεσιν, πόνων ἀρωγήν, ἀνῆκεν τοῖς ἐκγόνοις· θρεψαμένη δὲ καὶ αὐξήσασα πρὸς ἥβην ἄρχοντας καὶ διδασκάλους αὐτῶν θεοὺς ἐπηγάγετο·
And after this she sent up for her descendants the birth of olive, a help for labors; and having nourished them and brought them to youth, she brought in gods as rulers and teachers for them.
ὧν τὰ μὲν ὀνόματα πρέπει ἐν τῷ τοιῷδε ἐᾶν—ἴσμεν γάρ—οἳ τὸν βίον ἡμῶν κατεσκεύασαν πρός τε τὴν καθʼ ἡμέραν δίαιταν, τέχνας πρώτους παιδευσάμενοι, καὶ πρὸς τὴν ὑπὲρ τῆς χώρας φυλακὴν ὅπλων κτῆσίν τε καὶ χρῆσιν διδαξάμενοι.
Whose names it is fitting to omit in such a place—for we know them—who set in order our life both for daily sustenance, having first instructed us in arts, and for the defense of the land, having taught the acquisition and use of weapons.
γεννηθέντες δὲ καὶ παιδευθέντες οὕτως οἱ τῶνδε πρόγονοι ᾤκουν πολιτείαν κατασκευασάμενοι, ἧς ὀρθῶς ἔχει διὰ βραχέων ἐπιμνησθῆναι.
Having been born and educated in this way, the ancestors of these men lived having established a polity, which it is right to mention briefly.
πολιτεία γὰρ τροφὴ ἀνθρώπων ἐστίν, καλὴ μὲν ἀγαθῶν, ἡ δὲ ἐναντία κακῶν.
For a polity is the nourishment of men, a beautiful one of good men, and the opposite of bad men.
ὡς οὖν ἐν καλῇ πολιτείᾳ ἐτράφησαν οἱ πρόσθεν ἡμῶν, ἀναγκαῖον δηλῶσαι, διʼ ἣν δὴ κἀκεῖνοι ἀγαθοὶ καὶ οἱ νῦν εἰσιν, ὧν οἵδε τυγχάνουσιν ὄντες οἱ τετελευτηκότες.
How then our predecessors were nourished in a beautiful polity, it is necessary to show, because of which indeed both they and those of the present are good, of whom these dead happen to be.
ἡ γὰρ αὐτὴ πολιτεία καὶ τότε ἦν καὶ νῦν, ἀριστοκρατία, ἐν ᾗ νῦν τε πολιτευόμεθα καὶ τὸν ἀεὶ χρόνον ἐξ ἐκείνου ὡς τὰ πολλά.
For the same polity was both then and now, an aristocracy, in which we both now live as citizens and for all time since then for the most part.
καλεῖ δὲ ὁ μὲν αὐτὴν δημοκρατίαν, ὁ δὲ ἄλλο, ᾧ ἂν χαίρῃ, ἔστι δὲ τῇ ἀληθείᾳ μετʼ εὐδοξίας πλήθους ἀριστοκρατία.
One indeed calls it a democracy, and another by whatever else he pleases, but in truth it is an aristocracy with the approval of the multitude.
βασιλῆς μὲν γὰρ ἀεὶ ἡμῖν εἰσιν· οὗτοι δὲ τοτὲ μὲν ἐκ γένους, τοτὲ δὲ αἱρετοί· ἐγκρατὲς δὲ τῆς πόλεως τὰ πολλὰ τὸ πλῆθος, τὰς δὲ ἀρχὰς δίδωσι καὶ κράτος τοῖς ἀεὶ δόξασιν ἀρίστοις εἶναι, καὶ οὔτε ἀσθενείᾳ οὔτε πενίᾳ οὔτʼ ἀγνωσίᾳ πατέρων ἀπελήλαται οὐδεὶς οὐδὲ τοῖς ἐναντίοις τετίμηται, ὥσπερ ἐν ἄλλαις πόλεσιν, ἀλλὰ εἷς ὅρος, ὁ δόξας σοφὸς ἢ ἀγαθὸς εἶναι κρατεῖ καὶ ἄρχει.
For we always have kings; and these are sometimes by birth, and sometimes chosen; but the multitude is for the most part in control of the city, and gives the offices and power to those who from time to time seem to be the best, and no one is excluded either by weakness or poverty or obscurity of fathers, nor is anyone honored for the opposite things, as in other cities, but there is one limit, the one who seems to be wise or good rules and governs.
αἰτία δὲ ἡμῖν τῆς πολιτείας ταύτης ἡ ἐξ ἴσου γένεσις. §239ΣΩ. αἱ μὲν γὰρ ἄλλαι πόλεις ἐκ παντοδαπῶν κατεσκευασμέναι ἀνθρώπων εἰσὶ καὶ ἀνωμάλων, ὥστε αὐτῶν ἀνώμαλοι καὶ αἱ πολιτεῖαι, τυραννίδες τε καὶ ὀλιγαρχίαι· οἰκοῦσιν οὖν ἔνιοι μὲν δούλους, οἱ δὲ δεσπότας ἀλλήλους νομίζοντες· ἡμεῖς δὲ καὶ οἱ ἡμέτεροι, μιᾶς μητρὸς πάντες ἀδελφοὶ φύντες, οὐκ ἀξιοῦμεν δοῦλοι οὐδὲ δεσπόται ἀλλήλων εἶναι, ἀλλʼ ἡ ἰσογονία ἡμᾶς ἡ κατὰ φύσιν ἰσονομίαν ἀναγκάζει ζητεῖν κατὰ νόμον, καὶ μηδενὶ ἄλλῳ ὑπείκειν ἀλλήλοις ἢ ἀρετῆς δόξῃ καὶ φρονήσεως.
And the cause of this polity for us is our equality of birth." "For the other cities are established from men of all kinds and unequal, so that their polities also are unequal, tyrannies and oligarchies; they live therefore, some regarding each other as slaves, and others as masters; but we and our people, having all been born brothers of one mother, do not think it right to be slaves or masters of one another, but our equality of birth according to nature forces us to seek equality of law according to law, and to yield to one another in nothing else than in the reputation of virtue and wisdom.
ὅθεν δὴ ἐν πάσῃ ἐλευθερίᾳ τεθραμμένοι οἱ τῶνδέ γε πατέρες καὶ οἱ ἡμέτεροι καὶ αὐτοὶ οὗτοι, καὶ καλῶς φύντες, πολλὰ δὴ καὶ καλὰ ἔργα ἀπεφήναντο εἰς πάντας ἀνθρώπους καὶ ἰδίᾳ καὶ δημοσίᾳ, οἰόμενοι δεῖν ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐλευθερίας καὶ Ἕλλησιν ὑπὲρ Ἑλλήνων μάχεσθαι καὶ βαρβάροις ὑπὲρ ἁπάντων τῶν Ἑλλήνων.
Whence indeed having been brought up in all freedom, the fathers of these men and our own, and these very men, being well-born, displayed many and beautiful deeds before all men, both privately and publicly, thinking that they ought to fight for freedom both against Greeks on behalf of Greeks, and against barbarians on behalf of all the Greeks.
Εὐμόλπου μὲν οὖν καὶ Ἀμαζόνων ἐπιστρατευσάντων ἐπὶ τὴν χώραν καὶ τῶν ἔτι προτέρων ὡς ἠμύναντο, καὶ ὡς ἤμυναν Ἀργείοις πρὸς Καδμείους καὶ Ἡρακλείδαις πρὸς Ἀργείους, ὅ τε χρόνος βραχὺς ἀξίως διηγήσασθαι, ποιηταί τε αὐτῶν ἤδη καλῶς τὴν ἀρετὴν ἐν μουσικῇ ὑμνήσαντες εἰς πάντας μεμηνύκασιν· ἐὰν οὖν ἡμεῖς ἐπιχειρῶμεν τὰ αὐτὰ λόγῳ ψιλῷ κοσμεῖν, τάχʼ ἂν δεύτεροι φαινοίμεθα.
Of Eumolpus indeed and the Amazons invading the land, and of those still earlier, how they defended themselves, and how they aided the Argives against the Cadmeans and the Heracleidae against the Argives, the time is short to narrate worthily, and their poets have already beautifully sung their virtue in music and made it known to all; if therefore we should attempt to adorn the same deeds in bare prose, we might perhaps appear second.
ταῦτα μὲν οὖν διὰ ταῦτα δοκεῖ μοι ἐᾶν, ἐπειδὴ καὶ ἔχει τὴν ἀξίαν· ὧν δὲ οὔτε ποιητής πω δόξαν ἀξίαν ἐπʼ ἀξίοις λαβὼν ἔχει ἔτι τέ ἐστιν ἐν ἀμνηστίᾳ, τούτων πέρι μοι δοκεῖ χρῆναι ἐπιμνησθῆναι ἐπαινοῦντά τε καὶ προμνώμενον ἄλλοις ἐς ᾠδάς τε καὶ τὴν ἄλλην ποίησιν αὐτὰ θεῖναι πρεπόντως τῶν πραξάντων.
These things indeed for these reasons seem to me best to leave, since they have their worthy praise; but of what things no poet has yet obtained worthy glory for worthy deeds, and which are still in oblivion, about these it seems to me necessary to make mention, both praising them and wooing others to place them in songs and other poetry in a manner fitting for the doers.
ἔστιν δὲ τούτων ὧν λέγω πρῶτα· Πέρσας ἡγουμένους τῆς Ἀσίας καὶ δουλουμένους τὴν Εὐρώπην ἔσχον οἱ τῆσδε τῆς χώρας ἔκγονοι, γονῆς δὲ ἡμέτεροι, ὧν καὶ δίκαιον καὶ χρὴ πρῶτον μεμνημένους ἐπαινέσαι αὐτῶν τὴν ἀρετήν.
And there are of these of which I speak first: those who, when the Persians were ruling Asia and enslaving Europe, were held back by the descendants of this land, our ancestors, of whom it is both just and necessary first to make mention and praise their virtue.
δεῖ δὴ αὐτὴν ἰδεῖν, εἰ μέλλει τις καλῶς ἐπαινεῖν, ἐν ἐκείνῳ τῷ χρόνῳ γενόμενον λόγῳ, ὅτε πᾶσα μὲν ἡ Ἀσία ἐδούλευε τρίτῳ ἤδη βασιλεῖ, ὧν ὁ μὲν πρῶτος Κῦρος ἐλευθερώσας Πέρσας τοὺς αὑτοῦ πολίτας τῷ αὑτοῦ φρονήματι ἅμα καὶ τοὺς δεσπότας Μήδους ἐδουλώσατο καὶ τῆς ἄλλης Ἀσίας μέχρι Αἰγύπτου ἦρξεν,
Indeed, one must see it, if one is to praise it beautifully, by placing oneself in that time in speech, when all Asia was already enslaved to the third king, of whom the first, Cyrus, having freed his own citizens, the Persians, by his own wisdom at the same time enslaved their masters, the Medes, and ruled the rest of Asia as far as Egypt,"