§328ΣΩ.
εἶθʼ, ὥσπερ ἂν εἰ ζητοῖς τίς διδάσκαλος τοῦ ἑλληνίζειν, οὐδʼ ἂν εἷς φανείη, οὐδέ γʼ ἂν οἶμαι εἰ ζητοῖς τίς ἂν ἡμῖν διδάξειεν τοὺς τῶν χειροτεχνῶν ὑεῖς αὐτὴν ταύτην τὴν τέχνην ἣν δὴ παρὰ τοῦ πατρὸς μεμαθήκασιν, καθʼ ὅσον οἷός τʼ ἦν ὁ πατὴρ καὶ οἱ τοῦ πατρὸς φίλοι ὄντες ὁμότεχνοι, τούτους ἔτι τίς ἂν διδάξειεν, οὐ ῥᾴδιον οἶμαι εἶναι, ὦ Σώκρατες, τούτων διδάσκαλον φανῆναι, τῶν δὲ ἀπείρων παντάπασι ῥᾴδιον, οὕτω δὲ ἀρετῆς καὶ τῶν ἄλλων πάντων·
Socrates: "Then, just as if you were to look for who is a teacher of speaking Greek, not a single one would appear; nor indeed, I think, if you were to look for who could teach the sons of our craftsmen this very craft which they have learned from their father, so far as the father and his friends of the same craft were capable of teaching it—if you were to look for who could still teach these, it would not be easy, I think, Socrates, for a teacher of these to appear, though it is utterly easy to find one for those who are completely inexperienced; and so it is with virtue and all other things.
ἀλλὰ κἂν εἰ ὀλίγον ἔστιν τις ὅστις διαφέρει ἡμῶν προβιβάσαι εἰς ἀρετήν, ἀγαπητόν.
But even if there is someone who excels us even a little in advancing us toward virtue, we should be glad.
ὧν δὴ ἐγὼ οἶμαι εἷς εἶναι, καὶ διαφερόντως ἂν τῶν ἄλλων ἀνθρώπων ὀνῆσαί τινα πρὸς τὸ καλὸν καὶ ἀγαθὸν γενέσθαι, καὶ ἀξίως τοῦ μισθοῦ ὃν πράττομαι καὶ ἔτι πλείονος, ὥστε καὶ αὐτῷ δοκεῖν τῷ μαθόντι.
Of whom I think I am one, and that I can uniquely benefit someone in becoming beautiful and good, and worthily of the fee which I charge and even more, so that it seems so even to the learner himself.
διὰ ταῦτα καὶ τὸν τρόπον τῆς πράξεως τοῦ μισθοῦ τοιοῦτον πεποίημαι· ἐπειδὰν γάρ τις παρʼ ἐμοῦ μάθῃ, ἐὰν μὲν βούληται, ἀποδέδωκεν ὃ ἐγὼ πράττομαι ἀργύριον· ἐὰν δὲ μή, ἐλθὼν εἰς ἱερόν, ὀμόσας ὅσου ἂν φῇ ἄξια εἶναι τὰ μαθήματα, τοσοῦτον κατέθηκε.
For this reason, I have also made my method of charging the fee as follows: for whenever someone has learned from me, if he wishes, he pays the money that I demand; but if not, he goes to a temple, and having sworn how much he says the lessons are worth, he deposits that amount.
τοιοῦτόν σοι, ἔφη, ὦ Σώκρατες, ἐγὼ καὶ μῦθον καὶ λόγον εἴρηκα, ὡς διδακτὸν ἀρετὴ καὶ Ἀθηναῖοι οὕτως ἡγοῦνται, καὶ ὅτι οὐδὲν θαυμαστὸν τῶν ἀγαθῶν πατέρων φαύλους ὑεῖς γίγνεσθαι καὶ τῶν φαύλων ἀγαθούς, ἐπεὶ καὶ οἱ Πολυκλείτου ὑεῖς, Παράλου καὶ Ξανθίππου τοῦδε ἡλικιῶται, οὐδὲν πρὸς τὸν πατέρα εἰσίν, καὶ ἄλλοι ἄλλων δημιουργῶν.
Such, Socrates," he said, "is the story and the argument I have told you, to show that virtue is teachable and that the Athenians think so, and that it is nothing to wonder at that mediocre sons come from good fathers and good ones from mediocre, since indeed the sons of Polyclitus, contemporaries of Paralus and Xanthippus here, are nothing compared to their father, and so with others of other craftsmen.
τῶνδε δὲ οὔπω ἄξιον τοῦτο κατηγορεῖν· ἔτι γὰρ ἐν αὐτοῖς εἰσιν ἐλπίδες· νέοι γάρ. Πρωταγόρας μὲν τοσαῦτα καὶ τοιαῦτα ἐπιδειξάμενος ἀπεπαύσατο τοῦ λόγου.
But for these it is not yet fair to charge this; for there are still hopes in them; for they are young." Protagoras, having displayed so many and such things, ceased from his speech.
καὶ ἐγὼ ἐπὶ μὲν πολὺν χρόνον κεκηλημένος ἔτι πρὸς αὐτὸν ἔβλεπον ὡς ἐροῦντά τι, ἐπιθυμῶν ἀκούειν· ἐπεὶ δὲ δὴ ᾐσθόμην ὅτι τῷ ὄντι πεπαυμένος εἴη, μόγις πως ἐμαυτὸν ὡσπερεὶ συναγείρας εἶπον, βλέψας πρὸς τὸν Ἱπποκράτη· ὦ παῖ Ἀπολλοδώρου, ὡς χάριν σοι ἔχω ὅτι προύτρεψάς με ὧδε ἀφικέσθαι· πολλοῦ γὰρ ποιοῦμαι ἀκηκοέναι ἃ ἀκήκοα Πρωταγόρου.
And for a long time, spellbound, I still looked at him as if he were going to say something, desiring to hear; but when I realized that he had indeed finished, with some difficulty I gathered myself together, as it were, and said, looking at Hippocrates: "O son of Apollodorus, how grateful I am to you for urging me to come here; for I value it highly to have heard what I have heard from Protagoras.
ἐγὼ γὰρ ἐν μὲν τῷ ἔμπροσθεν χρόνῳ ἡγούμην οὐκ εἶναι ἀνθρωπίνην ἐπιμέλειαν ᾗ ἀγαθοὶ οἱ ἀγαθοὶ γίγνονται· νῦν δὲ πέπεισμαι.
For in the time before, I used to think that there was no human care by which the good become good; but now I am persuaded.
πλὴν σμικρόν τί μοι ἐμποδών, ὃ δῆλον ὅτι Πρωταγόρας ῥᾳδίως ἐπεκδιδάξει, ἐπειδὴ καὶ τὰ πολλὰ ταῦτα ἐξεδίδαξεν. §329ΣΩ. καὶ γὰρ εἰ μέν τις περὶ αὐτῶν τούτων συγγένοιτο ὁτῳοῦν τῶν δημηγόρων, τάχʼ ἂν καὶ τοιούτους λόγους ἀκούσειεν ἢ Περικλέους ἢ ἄλλου τινὸς τῶν ἱκανῶν εἰπεῖν· εἰ δὲ ἐπανέροιτό τινά τι, ὥσπερ βιβλία οὐδὲν ἔχουσιν οὔτε ἀποκρίνασθαι οὔτε αὐτοὶ ἐρέσθαι, ἀλλʼ ἐάν τις καὶ σμικρὸν ἐπερωτήσῃ τι τῶν ῥηθέντων, ὥσπερ τὰ χαλκία πληγέντα μακρὸν ἠχεῖ καὶ ἀποτείνει ἐὰν μὴ ἐπιλάβηταί τις, καὶ οἱ ῥήτορες οὕτω, σμικρὰ ἐρωτηθέντες δόλιχον κατατείνουσι τοῦ λόγου.
Except that a small thing is in my way, which it is clear Protagoras will easily teach in addition, since he has also taught these many things." Socrates: "For indeed, if someone were to meet with any of the public speakers on these very matters, he might soon hear such speeches from Pericles or some other of those competent to speak; but if one should ask them anything further, like books they have nothing either to answer or to ask themselves; but if anyone asks even a small question about what has been said, just as bronze vessels when struck ring long and prolong the sound unless someone takes hold of them, so the rhetoricians, asked small questions, prolong a long course of speech.
Πρωταγόρας δὲ ὅδε ἱκανὸς μὲν μακροὺς λόγους καὶ καλοὺς εἰπεῖν, ὡς αὐτὰ δηλοῖ, ἱκανὸς δὲ καὶ ἐρωτηθεὶς ἀποκρίνασθαι κατὰ βραχὺ καὶ ἐρόμενος περιμεῖναί τε καὶ ἀποδέξασθαι τὴν ἀπόκρισιν, ἃ ὀλίγοις ἐστὶ παρεσκευασμένα.
But this Protagoras here is competent to speak long and beautiful speeches, as the facts themselves show, and competent also, when asked, to answer briefly, and when asking, to wait and accept the answer, which are prepared for few.
νῦν οὖν, ὦ Πρωταγόρα, σμικροῦ τινος ἐνδεής εἰμι πάντʼ ἔχειν, εἴ μοι ἀποκρίναιο τόδε.
Now therefore, Protagoras, I am in need of a small thing to have everything, if you would answer me this.
τὴν ἀρετὴν φῂς διδακτὸν εἶναι, καὶ ἐγὼ εἴπερ ἄλλῳ τῳ ἀνθρώπων πειθοίμην ἄν, καὶ σοὶ πείθομαι· ὃ δʼ ἐθαύμασά σου λέγοντος, τοῦτό μοι ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ ἀποπλήρωσον.
You say that virtue is teachable, and if I would believe any other of men, I believe you; but what I wondered at as you were speaking, fill this up for me in my soul.
ἔλεγες γὰρ ὅτι ὁ Ζεὺς τὴν δικαιοσύνην καὶ τὴν αἰδῶ πέμψειε τοῖς ἀνθρώποις, καὶ αὖ πολλαχοῦ ἐν τοῖς λόγοις ἐλέγετο ὑπὸ σοῦ ἡ δικαιοσύνη καὶ σωφροσύνη καὶ ὁσιότης καὶ πάντα ταῦτα ὡς ἕν τι εἴη συλλήβδην, ἀρετή·
For you said that Zeus sent justice and shame to men, and again in many places in your speeches justice, temperance, holiness, and all these things were spoken of by you as if they were one single thing collectively, virtue.
ταῦτʼ οὖν αὐτὰ δίελθέ μοι ἀκριβῶς τῷ λόγῳ, πότερον ἓν μέν τί ἐστιν ἡ ἀρετή, μόρια δὲ αὐτῆς ἐστιν ἡ δικαιοσύνη καὶ σωφροσύνη καὶ ὁσιότης, ἢ ταῦτʼ ἐστὶν ἃ νυνδὴ ἐγὼ ἔλεγον πάντα ὀνόματα τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἑνὸς ὄντος.
Tell me then precisely in your speech these very things: is virtue one single thing, and are justice, temperance, and holiness parts of it, or are these things which I just now spoke of all names of the same one thing?
τοῦτʼ ἐστὶν ὃ ἔτι ἐπιποθῶ. ἀλλὰ ῥᾴδιον τοῦτό γʼ,
ἔφη,
ὦ Σώκρατες, ἀποκρίνασθαι, ὅτι ἑνὸς ὄντος τῆς ἀρετῆς μόριά ἐστιν ἃ ἐρωτᾷς. —πότερον, ἔφην, ὥσπερ προσώπου τὰ μόρια μόριά ἐστιν, στόμα τε καὶ ῥὶς καὶ ὀφθαλμοὶ καὶ ὦτα, ἢ ὥσπερ τὰ τοῦ χρυσοῦ μόρια οὐδὲν διαφέρει τὰ ἕτερα τῶν ἑτέρων, ἀλλήλων καὶ τοῦ ὅλου, ἀλλʼ ἢ μεγέθει καὶ σμικρότητι; —
ἐκείνως μοι φαίνεται, ὦ Σώκρατες, ὥσπερ τὰ τοῦ προσώπου μόρια ἔχει πρὸς τὸ ὅλον πρόσωπον. —πότερον οὖν, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ, καὶ μεταλαμβάνουσιν οἱ ἄνθρωποι τούτων τῶν τῆς ἀρετῆς μορίων οἱ μὲν ἄλλο, οἱ δὲ ἄλλο, ἢ ἀνάγκη, ἐάνπερ τις ἓν λάβῃ, ἅπαντα ἔχειν; —
οὐδαμῶς,
ἔφη,
ἐπεὶ πολλοὶ ἀνδρεῖοί εἰσιν, ἄδικοι δέ, καὶ δίκαιοι αὖ, σοφοὶ δὲ οὔ. —
This is what I still desire." "But this at least is easy, Socrates," he said, "to answer, that virtue being one thing, the things you ask about are parts of it." "Are they," I said, "as the parts of a face are parts—mouth, nose, eyes, and ears—or as the parts of gold differ in no way from one another, from each other and from the whole, except in greatness and smallness?" "In the former way, it seems to me, Socrates, just as the parts of the face are to the whole face." "Do men then," I said, "partake of these parts of virtue, some one, some another, or is it necessary, if someone takes one, to have all?" "By no means," he said, "since many are brave, yet unjust, and others again are just, but not wise." —