§246ΣΩ. πᾶν γὰρ σῶμα, ᾧ μὲν ἔξωθεν τὸ κινεῖσθαι, ἄψυχον, ᾧ δὲ ἔνδοθεν αὐτῷ ἐξ αὑτοῦ, ἔμψυχον, ὡς ταύτης οὔσης φύσεως ψυχῆς·
For every body which is moved from without is soulless, but that which is moved from within, of itself, is animate, since this is the very nature of soul.
εἰ δʼ ἔστιν τοῦτο οὕτως ἔχον, μὴ ἄλλο τι εἶναι τὸ αὐτὸ ἑαυτὸ κινοῦν ἢ ψυχήν, ἐξ ἀνάγκης ἀγένητόν τε καὶ ἀθάνατον ψυχὴ ἂν εἴη.
But if this is so, that that which moves itself is nothing other than soul, then of necessity soul must be unbegotten and immortal.
περὶ μὲν οὖν ἀθανασίας αὐτῆς ἱκανῶς· περὶ δὲ τῆς ἰδέας αὐτῆς ὧδε λεκτέον.
Concerning her immortality, then, enough has been said; but concerning her form we must speak as follows.
οἷον μέν ἐστι, πάντῃ πάντως θείας εἶναι καὶ μακρᾶς διηγήσεως, ᾧ δὲ ἔοικεν, ἀνθρωπίνης τε καὶ ἐλάττονος· ταύτῃ οὖν λέγωμεν.
To say what kind of thing it is would be a matter for a completely and in every way divine and long exposition, but to say what it is like is a matter for a human and shorter one; let us therefore speak in this way.
ἐοικέτω δὴ συμφύτῳ δυνάμει ὑποπτέρου ζεύγους τε καὶ ἡνιόχου.
Let it then be likened to the combined power of a winged chariot-team and a charioteer.
θεῶν μὲν οὖν ἵπποι τε καὶ ἡνίοχοι πάντες αὐτοί τε ἀγαθοὶ καὶ ἐξ ἀγαθῶν, τὸ δὲ τῶν ἄλλων μέμεικται.
Now the horses and the charioteers of the gods are all both good themselves and of good stock, but those of the others are mixed.
καὶ πρῶτον μὲν ἡμῶν ὁ ἄρχων συνωρίδος ἡνιοχεῖ, εἶτα τῶν ἵππων ὁ μὲν αὐτῷ καλός τε καὶ ἀγαθὸς καὶ ἐκ τοιούτων, ὁ δʼ ἐξ ἐναντίων τε καὶ ἐναντίος· χαλεπὴ δὴ καὶ δύσκολος ἐξ ἀνάγκης ἡ περὶ ἡμᾶς ἡνιόχησις.
And first, the ruler in us drives a pair, and then, of his horses, one is beautiful and good and of similar stock, but the other is of opposite stock and is opposite; hence, driving in our case is of necessity difficult and troublesome.
πῇ δὴ οὖν θνητόν τε καὶ ἀθάνατον ζῷον ἐκλήθη πειρατέον εἰπεῖν.
Now we must try to say how a living being came to be called both mortal and immortal.
ψυχὴ πᾶσα παντὸς ἐπιμελεῖται τοῦ ἀψύχου, πάντα δὲ οὐρανὸν περιπολεῖ, ἄλλοτʼ ἐν ἄλλοις εἴδεσι γιγνομένη.
All soul cares for all that is soulless, and patrols the whole heaven, taking different forms at different times.
τελέα μὲν οὖν οὖσα καὶ ἐπτερωμένη μετεωροπορεῖ τε καὶ πάντα τὸν κόσμον διοικεῖ, ἡ δὲ πτερορρυήσασα φέρεται ἕως ἂν στερεοῦ τινος ἀντιλάβηται, οὗ κατοικισθεῖσα, σῶμα γήϊνον λαβοῦσα, αὐτὸ αὑτὸ δοκοῦν κινεῖν διὰ τὴν ἐκείνης δύναμιν, ζῷον τὸ σύμπαν ἐκλήθη, ψυχὴ καὶ σῶμα παγέν, θνητόν τʼ ἔσχεν ἐπωνυμίαν·
When it is perfect and winged, it journeys on high and governs the whole universe; but the one that has lost its wings is carried down until it catches hold of something solid, where having settled, and taking an earthly body which seems to move itself because of her power, the whole together—soul and body conjoined—is called a living being, and received the designation 'mortal'.
ἀθάνατον δὲ οὐδʼ ἐξ ἑνὸς λόγου λελογισμένου, ἀλλὰ πλάττομεν οὔτε ἰδόντες οὔτε ἱκανῶς νοήσαντες θεόν, ἀθάνατόν τι ζῷον, ἔχον μὲν ψυχήν, ἔχον δὲ σῶμα, τὸν ἀεὶ δὲ χρόνον ταῦτα συμπεφυκότα.
But 'immortal' is not from any reasoned discourse, but we fashion a god, whom we have neither seen nor sufficiently conceived, as an immortal living being, having a soul and having a body, and these conjoined for all time.
ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μὲν δή, ὅπῃ τῷ θεῷ φίλον, ταύτῃ ἐχέτω τε καὶ λεγέσθω· τὴν δὲ αἰτίαν τῆς τῶν πτερῶν ἀποβολῆς, διʼ ἣν ψυχῆς ἀπορρεῖ, λάβωμεν.
But let these things be and be spoken of in whatever way is pleasing to God; but let us grasp the cause of the loss of the wings, because of which they fall away from the soul.
ἔστι δέ τις τοιάδε. πέφυκεν ἡ πτεροῦ δύναμις τὸ ἐμβριθὲς ἄγειν ἄνω μετεωρίζουσα ᾗ τὸ τῶν θεῶν γένος οἰκεῖ, κεκοινώνηκε δέ πῃ μάλιστα τῶν περὶ τὸ σῶμα τοῦ θείου, τὸ δὲ θεῖον καλόν, σοφόν, ἀγαθόν, καὶ πᾶν ὅτι τοιοῦτον·
It is something like this: The power of the wing is naturally designed to carry what is heavy upward, soaring to where the race of gods dwells; and of all things related to the body, it has shared most in the divine.
τούτοις δὴ τρέφεταί τε καὶ αὔξεται μάλιστά γε τὸ τῆς ψυχῆς πτέρωμα, αἰσχρῷ δὲ καὶ κακῷ καὶ τοῖς ἐναντίοις φθίνει τε καὶ διόλλυται.
Now the divine is beautiful, wise, good, and everything of that sort; by these, then, the plumage of the soul is nourished and grows most of all, but by the shameful and the bad and their opposites, it wastes away and is destroyed.
§247ΣΩ. ὁ μὲν δὴ μέγας ἡγεμὼν ἐν οὐρανῷ Ζεύς, ἐλαύνων πτηνὸν ἅρμα, πρῶτος πορεύεται, διακοσμῶν πάντα καὶ ἐπιμελούμενος· τῷ δʼ ἕπεται στρατιὰ θεῶν τε καὶ δαιμόνων, κατὰ ἕνδεκα μέρη κεκοσμημένη.
Now the great leader in heaven, Zeus, driving a winged chariot, goes first, ordering all things and caring for them; and him follows an army of gods and daemons, ordered in eleven divisions.
μένει γὰρ Ἑστία ἐν θεῶν οἴκῳ μόνη· τῶν δὲ ἄλλων ὅσοι ἐν τῷ τῶν δώδεκα ἀριθμῷ τεταγμένοι θεοὶ ἄρχοντες ἡγοῦνται κατὰ τάξιν ἣν ἕκαστος ἐτάχθη.
For Hestia alone remains in the house of the gods; but of the others, all who are appointed as ruling gods in the number of the twelve lead according to the rank to which each was assigned.
πολλαὶ μὲν οὖν καὶ μακάριαι θέαι τε καὶ διέξοδοι ἐντὸς οὐρανοῦ, ἃς θεῶν γένος εὐδαιμόνων ἐπιστρέφεται πράττων ἕκαστος αὐτῶν τὸ αὑτοῦ, ἕπεται δὲ ὁ ἀεὶ ἐθέλων τε καὶ δυνάμενος· φθόνος γὰρ ἔξω θείου χοροῦ ἵσταται.
There are indeed many blessed sights and paths within heaven, which the race of happy gods travels, each of them performing his own function, and whoever wills and is able always follows; for envy stands outside the divine choir.
ὅταν δὲ δὴ πρὸς δαῖτα καὶ ἐπὶ θοίνην ἴωσιν, ἄκραν ἐπὶ τὴν ὑπουράνιον ἁψῖδα πορεύονται πρὸς ἄναντες, ᾗ δὴ τὰ μὲν θεῶν ὀχήματα ἰσορρόπως εὐήνια ὄντα ῥᾳδίως πορεύεται, τὰ δὲ ἄλλα μόγις· βρίθει γὰρ ὁ τῆς κάκης ἵππος μετέχων, ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν ῥέπων τε καὶ βαρύνων ᾧ μὴ καλῶς ἦν τεθραμμένος τῶν ἡνιόχων.
But when they go to a feast and a banquet, they journey uphill to the highest summit under the vault of heaven; where indeed the chariots of the gods, being well-balanced and easy to guide, journey easily, but the others with difficulty; for the horse of bad breed weighs them down, inclining and dragging toward the earth whichever of the charioteers has not trained it well.
ἔνθα δὴ πόνος τε καὶ ἀγὼν ἔσχατος ψυχῇ πρόκειται.
There indeed the ultimate toil and struggle are set before the soul.
αἱ μὲν γὰρ ἀθάνατοι καλούμεναι, ἡνίκʼ ἂν πρὸς ἄκρῳ γένωνται, ἔξω πορευθεῖσαι ἔστησαν ἐπὶ τῷ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ νώτῳ, στάσας δὲ αὐτὰς περιάγει ἡ περιφορά, αἱ δὲ θεωροῦσι τὰ ἔξω τοῦ οὐρανοῦ.
For those that are called immortal, when they reach the summit, go outside and stand upon the back of heaven, and as they stand, the revolution carries them round, and they behold the things outside of heaven.
τὸν δὲ ὑπερουράνιον τόπον οὔτε τις ὕμνησέ πω τῶν τῇδε ποιητὴς οὔτε ποτὲ ὑμνήσει κατʼ ἀξίαν.
And of the place above the heaven, no poet here has ever sung, nor will any ever sing worthily.
ἔχει δὲ ὧδε—τολμητέον γὰρ οὖν τό γε ἀληθὲς εἰπεῖν, ἄλλως τε καὶ περὶ ἀληθείας λέγοντα—ἡ γὰρ ἀχρώματός τε καὶ ἀσχημάτιστος καὶ ἀναφὴς οὐσία ὄντως οὖσα, ψυχῆς κυβερνήτῃ μόνῳ θεατὴ νῷ, περὶ ἣν τὸ τῆς ἀληθοῦς ἐπιστήμης γένος, τοῦτον ἔχει τὸν τόπον.
But it is like this—for one must dare to speak the truth, especially when speaking about truth: for the colorless, formless, and intangible truly existing essence, visible only to the mind, the pilot of the soul, and around which is the class of true knowledge, occupies this place.
ἅτʼ οὖν θεοῦ διάνοια νῷ τε καὶ ἐπιστήμῃ ἀκηράτῳ τρεφομένη, καὶ ἁπάσης ψυχῆς ὅσῃ ἂν μέλῃ τὸ προσῆκον δέξασθαι, ἰδοῦσα διὰ χρόνου τὸ ὂν ἀγαπᾷ τε καὶ θεωροῦσα τἀληθῆ τρέφεται καὶ εὐπαθεῖ, ἕως ἂν κύκλῳ ἡ περιφορὰ εἰς ταὐτὸν περιενέγκῃ.
Since, then, the mind of a god is nourished by mind and pure knowledge, as is the mind of every soul that cares to receive its proper food, when it sees reality after a time, it is glad, and by beholding the truth it is nourished and fares well, until the revolution brings it round again to the same place.
ἐν δὲ τῇ περιόδῳ καθορᾷ μὲν αὐτὴν δικαιοσύνην, καθορᾷ δὲ σωφροσύνην, καθορᾷ δὲ ἐπιστήμην, οὐχ ᾗ γένεσις πρόσεστιν, οὐδʼ ἥ ἐστίν που ἑτέρα ἐν ἑτέρῳ οὖσα ὧν ἡμεῖς νῦν ὄντων καλοῦμεν, ἀλλὰ τὴν ἐν τῷ ὅ ἐστιν ὂν ὄντως ἐπιστήμην οὖσαν· καὶ τἆλλα ὡσαύτως τὰ ὄντα ὄντως θεασαμένη καὶ ἑστιαθεῖσα, δῦσα πάλιν εἰς τὸ εἴσω τοῦ οὐρανοῦ, οἴκαδε ἦλθεν.
And in the course of the revolution it beholds justice itself, it beholds temperance, it beholds knowledge—not that to which becoming is attached, nor that which is different in different things of those we now call realities, but the knowledge which is in that which truly is; and having likewise beheld the other things that truly exist and having feasted on them, sinking back again into the interior of heaven, she comes home.
ἐλθούσης δὲ αὐτῆς ὁ ἡνίοχος πρὸς τὴν φάτνην τοὺς ἵππους στήσας παρέβαλεν ἀμβροσίαν τε καὶ ἐπʼ αὐτῇ νέκταρ ἐπότισεν.
And when she has come, the charioteer, having stopped the horses at the manger, throws ambrosia before them and, after it, gives them nectar to drink.