Humanitext Reader

Plato · Symposium §205

The Broad Meaning of Eros and the Pursuit of Good

Passage 25 of 36 · Greek

Summary

Diotima explains the broad sense of Eros as everyone's constant desire for happiness and the good, and uses the analogy of poiesis to show how only a specific subcategory has taken the name of the whole. She also argues that love is not the search for one's half, but the pursuit of the good.

§205κτήσει γάρ, ἔφη, ἀγαθῶν οἱ εὐδαίμονες εὐδαίμονες, καὶ οὐκέτι προσδεῖ ἐρέσθαι ἵνα τί δὲ βούλεται εὐδαίμων εἶναι ὁ βουλόμενος; ἀλλὰ τέλος δοκεῖ ἔχειν ἡ ἀπόκρισις. ἀληθῆ λέγεις, εἶπον ἐγώ.
"For," she said, "it is by the possession of good things that happy people are happy, and there is no further need to ask, 'For what purpose does he who wishes to be happy wish it?' No, the answer seems to be final." "You speak the truth," I said.
ταύτην δὴ τὴν βούλησιν καὶ τὸν ἔρωτα τοῦτον πότερα κοινὸν οἴει εἶναι πάντων ἀνθρώπων, καὶ πάντας τἀγαθὰ βούλεσθαι αὑτοῖς εἶναι ἀεί, ἢ πῶς λέγεις; οὕτως, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ· κοινὸν εἶναι πάντων. τί δὴ οὖν, ἔφη, ὦ Σώκρατες, οὐ πάντας ἐρᾶν φαμεν, εἴπερ γε πάντες τῶν αὐτῶν ἐρῶσι καὶ ἀεί, ἀλλά τινάς φαμεν ἐρᾶν, τοὺς δʼ οὔ; θαυμάζω, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ, καὶ αὐτός. ἀλλὰ μὴ θαύμαζʼ, ἔφη· ἀφελόντες γὰρ ἄρα τοῦ ἔρωτός τι εἶδος ὀνομάζομεν, τὸ τοῦ ὅλου ἐπιτιθέντες ὄνομα, ἔρωτα, τὰ δὲ ἄλλα ἄλλοις καταχρώμεθα ὀνόμασιν. ὥσπερ τί; ἦν δʼ ἐγώ.
"Do you think then that this wish and this love are common to all men, and that all wish good things to be theirs always, or how do you say?" "Thus," I said, "that it is common to all." "Why indeed then, Socrates," she said, "do we not say that all love, if indeed all love the same things and always, but we say that some love, and others do not?" "I wonder," I said, "myself as well." "But do not wonder," she said; "for we, taking away a certain species of love, name it, applying the name of the whole, 'love', but for the other parts we use other names." "Like what?" I said.
ὥσπερ τόδε. οἶσθʼ ὅτι ποίησίς ἐστί τι πολύ· ἡ γάρ τοι ἐκ τοῦ μὴ ὄντος εἰς τὸ ὂν ἰόντι ὁτῳοῦν αἰτία πᾶσά ἐστι ποίησις, ὥστε καὶ αἱ ὑπὸ πάσαις ταῖς τέχναις ἐργασίαι ποιήσεις εἰσὶ καὶ οἱ τούτων δημιουργοὶ πάντες ποιηταί. ἀληθῆ λέγεις. ἀλλʼ ὅμως, ἦ δʼ ἥ, οἶσθʼ ὅτι οὐ καλοῦνται ποιηταὶ ἀλλὰ ἄλλα ἔχουσιν ὀνόματα, ἀπὸ δὲ πάσης τῆς ποιήσεως ἓν μόριον ἀφορισθὲν τὸ περὶ τὴν μουσικὴν καὶ τὰ μέτρα τῷ τοῦ ὅλου ὀνόματι προσαγορεύεται.
"Like this: You know that 'making' is something broad; for indeed, any cause that brings anything whatever from non-being into being is entirely making, so that the works under all the crafts are makings, and the craftsmen of these are all makers." "You speak the truth." "But nevertheless," she said, "you know that they are not called 'makers' but have other names, and that one part, set apart from the whole of making—the part concerning music and meters—is addressed by the name of the whole.
ποίησις γὰρ τοῦτο μόνον καλεῖται, καὶ οἱ ἔχοντες τοῦτο τὸ μόριον τῆς ποιήσεως ποιηταί. ἀληθῆ λέγεις, ἔφην.
For this alone is called 'making', and those who have this part of making are called 'makers'." "You speak the truth," I said.
οὕτω τοίνυν καὶ περὶ τὸν ἔρωτα.
"So indeed it is also concerning love.
τὸ μὲν κεφάλαιόν ἐστι πᾶσα ἡ τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἐπιθυμία καὶ τοῦ εὐδαιμονεῖν ὁ "μέγιστός τε καὶ δολερὸς ἔρως" παντί· ἀλλʼ οἱ μὲν ἄλλῃ τρεπόμενοι πολλαχῇ ἐπʼ αὐτόν, ἢ κατὰ χρηματισμὸν ἢ κατὰ φιλογυμναστίαν ἢ κατὰ φιλοσοφίαν, οὔτε ἐρᾶν καλοῦνται οὔτε ἐρασταί, οἱ δὲ κατὰ ἕν τι εἶδος ἰόντες τε καὶ ἐσπουδακότες τὸ τοῦ ὅλου ὄνομα ἴσχουσιν, ἔρωτά τε καὶ ἐρᾶν καὶ ἐρασταί. κινδυνεύεις ἀληθῆ, ἔφην ἐγώ, λέγειν.
In sum, all desire for good things and for being happy is 'the greatest and deceitful love' for everyone; but those who turn to it in many other ways, either through money-making or love of physical training or philosophy, are neither said to love nor are they called lovers, while those who go after one particular species and are serious about it take the name of the whole—both 'love' and 'to love' and 'lovers'." "You seem to speak the truth," I said.
καὶ λέγεται μέν γέ τις, ἔφη, λόγος, ὡς οἳ ἂν τὸ ἥμισυ ἑαυτῶν ζητῶσιν, οὗτοι ἐρῶσιν· ὁ δʼ ἐμὸς λόγος οὔτε ἡμίσεός φησιν εἶναι τὸν ἔρωτα οὔτε ὅλου, ἐὰν μὴ τυγχάνῃ γέ που, ὦ ἑταῖρε, ἀγαθὸν ὄν, ἐπεὶ αὑτῶν γε καὶ πόδας καὶ χεῖρας ἐθέλουσιν ἀποτέμνεσθαι οἱ ἄνθρωποι, ἐὰν αὐτοῖς δοκῇ τὰ ἑαυτῶν πονηρὰ εἶναι.
"And indeed a certain story is told," she said, "that those who seek the half of themselves, these are the ones who love; but my story says that love is neither of a half nor of a whole, unless, my friend, it happens to be somehow good, since men are willing to have even their own feet and hands cut off, if their own things seem to them to be bad."

Notes

  1. 205aἵνα τί — A combination of the final conjunction ἵνα and the neuter singular accusative of the interrogative pronoun τί, originally short for ἵνα τί γένηται ("in order that what might happen?"). It functions as an idiomatic interrogative phrase meaning "for what purpose?" or "why?".
  2. 205bἀφελόντες γὰρ ἄρα τοῦ ἔρωτός τι εἶδος — The genitive τοῦ ἔρωτός functions either as a genitive of separation with the participle ἀφελόντες (from ἀφαιρέω, "to take away from") or as a partitive genitive modifying τι εἶδος ("a certain species of love"), indicating the action of isolating a specific part from the whole.
  3. 205bἡ γάρ τοι ἐκ τοῦ μὴ ὄντος εἰς τὸ ὂν ἰόντι ὁτῳοῦν αἰτία πᾶσά ἐστι ποίησις — The word order is highly hyperbatic. The dative phrase ὁτῳοῦν ἰόντι (where ἰόντι is the present participle of εἶμι, "for anything whatever that passes from non-being into being") serves as the referent for the subject αἰτία ("cause"). The core structure of the sentence is πᾶσα αἰτία ἐστὶ ποίησις ("every cause is making").
  4. 205dπαντί — The dative singular παντί ("for everyone") modifies either the entire predicative clause starting with τὸ μὲν κεφάλαιόν ἐστι or specifically the predicate noun ἔρως, functioning as a dative of reference or interest.

Cite this passage

Plato, Symposium §205. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0059.tlg011.humanitext-grc2:205

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