Humanitext Reader

Plato · Phaedo §59

Phaedo's Mixed Emotions and Those Present at the Death

Passage 2 of 55 · Greek

Summary

Phaedo recalls experiencing a strange mixture of pain and pleasure while present at Socrates' death. He names the local and foreign friends who were present and begins to recount the events of that final morning.

§59ΦΑΙΔ. διὰ δὴ ταῦτα οὐδὲν πάνυ μοι ἐλεινὸν εἰσῄει, ὡς εἰκὸς ἂν δόξειεν εἶναι παρόντι πένθει, οὔτε αὖ ἡδονὴ ὡς ἐν φιλοσοφίᾳ ἡμῶν ὄντων ὥσπερ εἰώθεμεν — καὶ γὰρ οἱ λόγοι τοιοῦτοί τινες ἦσαν — ἀλλ᾽ ἀτεχνῶς ἄτοπόν τί μοι πάθος παρῆν καί τις ἀήθης κρᾶσις ἀπό τε τῆς ἡδονῆς συγκεκραμένη ὁμοῦ καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς λύπης, ἐνθυμουμένῳ ὅτι αὐτίκα ἐκεῖνος ἔμελλε τελευτᾶν.
Phaedo: For this very reason, no pity at all entered into me, as would seem natural for one present at a scene of mourning, nor on the other hand did pleasure arise, as from our being engaged in philosophy as we were accustomed to do—for the discussions indeed were of that kind—but a truly strange feeling was present in me, and a certain unusual mixture, compounded of pleasure and at the same time of pain, when I reflected that he was soon about to die.
καὶ πάντες οἱ παρόντες σχεδόν τι οὕτω διεκείμεθα, τοτὲ μὲν γελῶντες, ἐνίοτε δὲ δακρύοντες, εἷς δὲ ἡμῶν καὶ διαφερόντως, Ἀπολλόδωρος — οἶσθα γάρ που τὸν ἄνδρα καὶ τὸν τρόπον αὐτοῦ.
And almost all of us who were present were in this state, now laughing, now crying, and one of us especially so, Apollodorus— for you surely know the man and his disposition.
ΕΧ. πῶς γὰρ οὔ;
Echecrates: How could I not?
ΦΑΙΔ. ἐκεῖνός τε τοίνυν παντάπασιν οὕτως εἶχεν, καὶ αὐτὸς ἔγωγε ἐτεταράγμην καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι.
Phaedo: He, then, was completely in this state, and I myself was troubled, as were the others.
ΕΧ. ἔτυχον δέ, ὦ Φαίδων, τίνες παραγενόμενοι;
Echecrates: And who, Phaedo, happened to be present?
ΦΑΙΔ. οὗτός τε δὴ ὁ Ἀπολλόδωρος τῶν ἐπιχωρίων παρῆν καὶ Κριτόβουλος καὶ ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἔτι Ἑρμογένης καὶ Ἐπιγένης καὶ Αἰσχίνης καὶ Ἀντισθένης· ἦν δὲ καὶ Κτήσιππος ὁ Παιανιεὺς καὶ Μενέξενος καὶ ἄλλοι τινὲς τῶν ἐπιχωρίων.
Phaedo: This Apollodorus of the locals was present, and Critobulus and his father, and also Hermogenes, Epigenes, Aeschines, and Antisthenes; and there was also Ctesippus of Paiania and Menexenus, and some other locals.
Πλάτων δὲ οἶμαι ἠσθένει.
But Plato, I believe, was ill.
ΕΧ. ξένοι δέ τινες παρῆσαν;
Echecrates: Were any strangers present?
ΦΑΙΔ. ναί, Σιμμίας τέ γε ὁ Θηβαῖος καὶ Κέβης καὶ Φαιδώνδης καὶ Μεγαρόθεν Εὐκλείδης τε καὶ Τερψίων.
Phaedo: Yes, Simmias the Theban, and Cebes, and Phaedondes, and from Megara, Euclid and Terpsion.
ΕΧ. τί δέ;
Echecrates: What then?
Ἀρίστιππος καὶ Κλεόμβροτος παρεγένοντο;
Were Aristippus and Cleombrotus present?
ΦΑΙΔ. οὐ δῆτα· ἐν Αἰγίνῃ γὰρ ἐλέγοντο εἶναι.
Phaedo: No, indeed; for they were said to be in Aegina.
ΕΧ. ἄλλος δέ τις παρῆν;
Echecrates: Was anyone else present?
ΦΑΙΔ. σχεδόν τι οἶμαι τούτους παραγενέσθαι.
Phaedo: I think these were about all who were present.
ΕΧ. τί οὖν δή;
Echecrates: What then?
τίνες φῂς ἦσαν οἱ λόγοι;
What do you say the discussions were?
ΦΑΙΔ. ἐγώ σοι ἐξ ἀρχῆς πάντα πειράσομαι διηγήσασθαι.
Phaedo: I will try to relate everything to you from the beginning.
ἀεὶ γὰρ δὴ καὶ τὰς πρόσθεν ἡμέρας εἰώθεμεν φοιτᾶν καὶ ἐγὼ καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι παρὰ τὸν Σωκράτη, συλλεγόμενοι ἕωθεν εἰς τὸ δικαστήριον ἐν ᾧ καὶ ἡ δίκη ἐγένετο· πλησίον γὰρ ἦν τοῦ δεσμωτηρίου.
For on all the previous days too, I and the others had been accustomed to visit Socrates, gathering at dawn at the court where the trial took place; for it was near the prison.
περιεμένομεν οὖν ἑκάστοτε ἕως ἀνοιχθείη τὸ δεσμωτήριον, διατρίβοντες μετ’ ἀλλήλων, ἀνεῴγετο γὰρ οὐ πρῴ·
We used to wait each time until the prison was opened, spending time with one another, for it did not open early.
ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἀνοιχθείη, εἰσῇμεν παρὰ τὸν Σωκράτη καὶ τὰ πολλὰ διημερεύομεν μετ’ αὐτοῦ.
But when it was opened, we went in to Socrates and spent most of the day with him.
καὶ δὴ καὶ τότε πρῳαίτερον συνελέγημεν· τῇ γὰρ προτεραίᾳ ἐπειδὴ ἐξήλθομεν ἐκ τοῦ δεσμωτηρίου ἑσπέρας, ἐπυθόμεθα ὅτι τὸ πλοῖον ἐκ Δήλου ἀφιγμένον εἴη.
And indeed on that day we gathered earlier; for on the previous day, when we went out of the prison in the evening, we learned that the ship from Delos had arrived.
παρηγγείλαμεν οὖν ἀλλήλοις ἥκειν ὡς πρῳαίτατα εἰς τὸ εἰωθός.
So we charged one another to come as early as possible to the usual place.
καὶ ἥκομεν καὶ ἡμῖν ἐξελθὼν ὁ θυρωρός, ὅσπερ εἰώθει ὑπακούειν, εἶπεν περιμένειν καὶ μὴ πρότερον παριέναι ἕως ἂν αὐτὸς κελεύσῃ·
And we came, and the gatekeeper, who used to answer, came out and told us to wait and not to enter before he himself gave the word.
λύουσι γάρ, ἔφη, οἱ ἕνδεκα Σωκράτη καὶ παραγγέλλουσιν ὅπως ἂν τῇδε τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τελευτᾷ.
'For,' he said, 'the Eleven are releasing Socrates and giving instructions so that he may die on this day.'

Notes

  1. 59aπαρόντι πένθει — The present participle παρόντι ('for one present') is in the dative case. Since πένθει (dative singular of πένθος, 'mourning/grief') functions as the complement of the verb παρεῖναι ('to be present'), it forms a construction meaning 'for one present at a scene of mourning.' Alternatively, it can be interpreted as a dative of circumstance ('while grief is present'), but in either case, it states a general rule.
  2. 59aἐνθυμουμένῳ — This is the present active participle (masculine singular dative) of ἐνθυμέομαι ('to ponder, reflect'). It agrees with the dative pronoun μοι ('to me'), which is the subject of the psychological experience in the main clause, functioning adverbially to indicate cause or time ('when/since I reflected').
  3. 59dἕως ἀνοιχθείη — In the temporal clause introduced by the conjunction ἕως ('until'), the aorist passive optative ἀνοιχθείη of ἀνοίγω is used. This corresponds to the past iterative/habitual action expressed by the imperfect περιεμένομεν ('we used to wait') in the main clause, representing an expected or purposed action in past repetition ('we would wait each time until it should open').
  4. 59eὅπως ἂν ... τελευᾷ — An object/effort clause following the verb of commanding/notifying, παραγγέλλουσιν ('they are giving instructions'). The conjunction ὅπως ἂν with the present subjunctive τελευᾷ ('he may die') denotes the content or purpose of the instructions: 'giving instructions so that he may meet his end on this day.'

Cite this passage

Plato, Phaedo §59. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0059.tlg004.humanitext-grc2:59

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