§3#1Ἡ μὲν οὖν ὑπνώδης, ὅσον ἐπὶ τῷ παρόντι, τοῖς ληθαργικοῖς συμπίπτει· τὴν δ’ ἄγρυπνον, ἥτις τοῖς φρενιτικοῖς ἐπιγίγνεται, πειράσομαι διορίζειν, ἵνα δυνηθῇς εὑρίσκειν τὴν ὑφ’ Ἱπποκράτους εἰρημένην διαφοράν.
Therefore, the sleepy sinking-into-sleep, as far as the present is concerned, happens to the lethargic; while the sleepless kind, which happens to the phrenetic, I shall try to define, so that you may be able to find the difference mentioned by Hippocrates.
οὐ γὰρ ἦν τῶν ματαίως τὰ ὀνόματα ἐπιτιθέντων οὗτος ὁ ἀνὴρ, οὔτ’ ἀνοήτως πρόσκειται τῇ καταφορᾷ τὸ νωθρὰ, οὔτε φησιν, ὥσπερ Ὅμηρος, ὑγρὸν ἔλαιον καὶ γάλα λευκὸν, μηδενὸς ἕνεκα διορισμοῦ· καὶ γὰρ πᾶν γάλα λευκὸν καὶ ἔλαιον ὑγρόν· ἀλλ’ ἑκάστη λέξις καὶ συλλαβὴ πᾶσα πρᾶγμά τι σημαίνει παρ’ αὐτοῦ.
For this man was not one of those who apply names in vain, nor is "dull" added to the sinking-into-sleep senselessly, nor does he say, like Homer, "liquid oil" and "white milk", for the sake of no distinction; for indeed all milk is white and oil is liquid; but with him, every word and every syllable signifies some thing.
περὶ φρενίτιδος ἄρα λόγον ποιούμενος, ὅπερ πρὸς τὰ παρόντα χρήσιμόν ἐστι διδάσκειν τοὺς τὸ σύνηθες αὐτῷ μανθάνειν βουλομένους, ποτὲ μὲν οὕτω γράφει, παρελήρει· ποτὲ δ’ οὕτω, παρηνέχθη· ποτὲ δὲ πάλιν, παρέκοψε· πάλιν δὲ, παρεφρόνησε· καὶ πάλιν, ἐξέστη· καὶ αὖθις, ἐμάνη, καὶ ἐξεμάνη, καὶ οὐ κατενόει, καὶ παρέλεγε.
Therefore, when making a discourse about phrenitis—which is useful for the present purposes to teach to those who wish to learn his customary way—sometimes he writes thus: "he babbled"; and sometimes thus: "he was carried away"; and sometimes again: "he was delirious"; and again: "he was out of his mind"; and again: "he was estranged"; and further: "he went mad", and "he went violently mad", and "he did not understand", and "he muttered".
ταῦτα πάντα τῶν βεβλαμμένων τὴν διάνοιάν ἐστιν, οὓς ἅπαντας σὺ μὲν παραφρονοῦντας ὀνομάζεις, Ἱπποκράτει δ’ οὐκ ἀρκεῖ τὸ γένος μόνον εἰπεῖν, ἀλλ’ ἑκάστῳ μεγέθει τοῦ τῆς παραφροσύνης εἴδους ἴδιον ἐφεύρηκεν ὄνομα.
All these belong to those who are damaged in their intellect, all of whom you indeed call "delirious", but for Hippocrates it is not enough to state only the genus, but he has found a proper name for each degree of the kind of delirium.
ἄνθρωπος γάρ, φησι, θερμαινόμενος ἐδείπνησεν, οὐκ ἐτόλμησεν εἰπεῖν πυρετὸν τοσαύτην θερμασίαν, καθ’ ἣν δύναταί τις δειπνῆσαι.
For he says, "a man, being warmed, dined"; he did not venture to call "fever" such a degree of heat, under which someone is able to dine.
πάλιν δὲ τὸ τοῦ πυρετοῦ μέγεθος ἐνδεικνύναι βουλόμενός φησι, πῦρ ἔλαβεν αὐτόν.
And again, wishing to indicate the magnitude of the fever, he says, "fire seized him".
ἠσχολησάμην μὲν ἐπιδεικνύων τὴν τοῦ ἀνδρὸς ἐπιμέλειαν περὶ τὰς λέξεις, ἀλλ’ ὡς ἤδη εἰδόσι καὶ πεπεισμένοις ἐπὶ τὸ ζητούμενον ἀφίξομαι.
I have busied myself in demonstrating the man's precision regarding words, but as to those who already know and are convinced, I shall arrive at the object of inquiry.
διττὸν μὲν εἶδος τῆς ἀγρύπνου καταφορᾶς. ὀνομάζεται δὲ ἡ μὲν νωθρὰ, ἧς μέμνηται νῦν Ἱπποκράτης· ἡ δὲ τῷ τοῦ γένους ὀνόματι κέχρηται.
The kind of sleepless sinking-into-sleep is twofold: the one is called "dull", which Hippocrates now mentions; and the other uses the name of the genus.
κοινὸν δ’ ἀμφοτέρων ἐστὶ τῶν καὶ μάλιστα τῆς ὑπνώδους διαφερουσῶν, ὅτι φράζουσί τε καὶ παραληροῦσι μεδεμιᾶς ἐχόμενα γνώμης, κᾀπὶ τὰς ἀναστάσεις πρόθυμοί εἰσι μάλα, ὧν οὐδὲν ἐπὶ ταῖς ληθαργικαῖς ὑπάρχει καταφοραῖς.
And common to both, which indeed differ most from the sleepy kind, is that they speak and babble containing no coherent thought, and they are very eager to get up, none of which is present in the lethargic sinkings-into-sleep.
οὔτε γὰρ χωρὶς φράζουσί τι καὶ πανούργως, δυσαίσθητοι δ’ εἰσὶν, οὕτε πρὸς τῶν ἐπιβοώντων καὶ νυττόντων ἐγείρονται ῥᾳδίως.
For they neither speak anything cunningly without coherence, and they are hard of perception, nor are they easily awakened by those who call out and nudge them.
κῶμα δὲ τὸ μὲν φρενιτικὸν καὶ ἄγρυπνον ἔξω ταύτης ἐστὶ τῆς δυσαισθησίας καὶ δυσκινησίας· καὶ γὰρ ἀνίστανται ῥᾳδίως ἀκούσαντες τῆς φωνῆς καὶ ἤχου παντὸς, κᾂν μέρους τινὸς ἅψῃ τοῦ σώματος, εὐθὺς ἐξαίρουσι τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς, καὶ πρὸς τὸν ἁπτόμενον ἀποβλέπουσι.
But the phrenetic and sleepless coma is outside of this dullness of perception and difficulty of movement; for they get up easily upon hearing a voice and any sound, and if you touch some part of their body, they immediately lift their eyes and look toward the person touching them.
κατ’ αὐτὴν δὲ τὴν καταφόρησιν ἢ χεῖρα κινοῦσιν, ἢ σκέλος, ἢ σύμπαν τὸ σῶμα ῥίπτουσιν ἀλόγως, ἐξαίφνης τε καὶ παραφρονητικῶς ἐξάλλονται σπασμοῦ δίκην, καὶ ταῦτα πάντα ποιοῦσι μετὰ τοῦ καὶ λέγειν τινὰ οὐ προσηκόντως, ὧν οὐδὲν οἱ μετὰ καταφορᾶς λη θαργικοὶ πράττουσιν, ἀκίνητοι γὰρ ἀεὶ καὶ ἄφωνοι κεῖνται τοῖς βαθέως κοιμωμένοις ὁμοιωθέντες.
And during the sinking-into-sleep itself, they either move a hand, or a leg, or toss their whole body unreasonably, and they leap up suddenly and deliriously like a spasm, and they do all these things while also speaking some inappropriate things, none of which the lethargic with sinking-into-sleep do, for they always lie motionless and speechless, likened to those who are deeply asleep.
τῶν δὲ μὴ ὑπνωδῶς καταφερομένων οἱ μὲν οὕτω ῥᾳδίως καὶ ἐπὶ πολὺ εὐκίνητοί εἰσιν, ὥστε μὴ διαλείπειν βοῶντες μέγα, καὶ κινεῖν τι μόριον σφοδρῶς, ἂν δ’ ἐξεγείρῃς αὐτοὺς ἢ προσλαλῇς, προσβλέπουσιν ἀπρεπῶς καὶ μᾶλλον ἐξίστανται, καὶ κακὸν πράττειν ἐπιχειροῦσι, καὶ πάντως ἀκούειν προθυμότατοί εἰσιν οὐδὲν ἀπολειπόμενοι τῶν ἄκρως παραφρονούντων· οἱ δ’ ἔμπαλιν ἀνιστάμενοι κατανοοῦσι μᾶλλον, καὶ οὐ πολὺ κινοῦνται, καὶ τότε μᾶλλον παραφρονοῦσιν, ὅταν ἐπιτρέψῃς αὐτοὺς τῷ κώματι.
Of those who sink into sleep without sleepiness, some are so easily and continuously active that they do not cease shouting loudly and moving some part violently, and if you awaken them or speak to them, they look at you inappropriately and become more estranged, and try to do some harm, and are altogether most eager to listen, falling nothing short of those who are extremely delirious; while others, on the contrary, understand more when they get up, and do not move much, and they are more delirious at that time, whenever you abandon them to the coma.
καὶ κατὰ τοῦτο μάλιστά ἐστιν αὐτοὺς διορίζειν τῶν ληθαργικῶν καταφορῶν.
And by this especially it is possible to distinguish them from the lethargic sinkings-into-sleep.
αὕτη μὲν οὖν ἐστιν ἡ πρὸς Ἱπποκράτους λεγομένη νωθρὰ καταφορά.
This, therefore, is the "dull sinking-into-sleep" spoken of by Hippocrates.
ἐπεὶ δὲ σαφῶς ἐμάθομεν, ὡς οὐ μόνον τὸ καταφέρεσθαι τῶν φρενιτικῶν τισι συμβαίνει, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ νωθρῶς, (περὶ τούτου μάλιστ’ ἄν τις ἀπορήσειεν) ἐπὶ τὴν λοιπὴν μεταβῶμεν ἀμφισβήτησιν, ἧς εἰ μέν τινα εὑρήσωμεν λύσιν, ἕξομεν ἤδη τὸ πᾶν.
And since we have learned clearly that not only sinking into sleep happens to some of the phrenetic, but also doing so dully (about which one might especially be at a loss), let us pass to the remaining dispute, of which if we find some solution, we shall already possess the whole.
ἔστι δὲ ἡ ἀμφισβήτησις ἥδε. μεμνημένος Ἱπποκράτης ἐν τῷ προῤῥητικῷ τῶν κωματωδῶν ἀγρύπνων, ἀπορεῖ πότερον φρενιτικοὺς αὐτοὺς, ἤ τι ἕτερον ὀνομάσει.
And the dispute is this: Hippocrates, having mentioned in the Prorrheticon those who are comatose and sleepless, is at a loss whether he should call them phrenetic, or something else.
ἔχει δὲ ἐφεξῆς οὕτως. οἱ κωματώδεες ἐν ἀρχῇσι γινόμενοι, μετὰ κεφαλῆς, ὀσφύος, ὑποχονδρίου, τραχήλου ὀδύνης, ἀγρυπνέοντες, ἆρά γε φρενιτικοί εἰσι;
And the text follows in this way: "Those who become comatose at the beginning, with pain of the head, loins, hypochondrium, and neck, being sleepless, are they indeed phrenetic?"