§8Τοῦ δευτέρου δ’ αὖ τοῦ παρὰ τὸν ἀριθμὸν, εἰ μὲν ἀπόλοιτό τι τῶν κατὰ φύσιν, ἤτοι τομή τις, ἢ καῦσις, ἢ σῆψις, ἢ ψύξις ἰσχυρὰ προηγεῖται.
As for the second class of diseases, which relates to number, if some of the natural parts should be lost, either incision, cauterization, gangrene, or severe cooling precedes.
τὰ μὲν οὖν τῆς ψύξεως αἴτια προείρηται.
Now, the causes of cooling have been mentioned before.
σήπεται δὲ τὰ μὲν ὑπὸ τῶν σήπειν πεφυκότων φαρμάκων, ἢ τῶν ἐν αὐτοῖς τοῖς ζώοις γεννωμένων περιττωμάτων, τὰ δ’ ὑπὸ τοῦ μὴ διαπνεῖσθαι· προείρηται δὲ καὶ τὰ τοῦ μὴ διαπνεῖσθαι προηγούμενα.
And some parts putrefy under the influence of drugs naturally capable of causing putrefaction, or of residues generated in the animals themselves, while others putrefy because they cannot breathe out (transpire); and the preceding causes of the inability to transpire have also been mentioned before.
εἰ δὲ τῶν οὐκ ὄντων τι κατὰ φύσιν ἐπιγίγνοιτο, νόσος μὲν καὶ τοῦτ’ ἐστὶ παρὰ τὸν ἀριθμὸν τῶν μορίων.
On the other hand, if something unnatural should arise, this too is a disease related to the number of the parts.
ἀλλ’ εἰ μὲν τῆς κατὰ φύσιν ἰδέας ἔχοιτο τὸ ἐπιγιγνόμενον, ὕλης χρηστῆς πλῆθος αἴτιον· εἰ δὲ τῆς παρὰ φύσιν, εἴη ἂν καὶ ἡ τῆς ὕλης ποιότης παρὰ φύσιν.
But if the arising part should retain the natural form, an abundance of good material is the cause; whereas if it should have an unnatural form, the quality of the material would also be unnatural.
ἔῤῥωται δ’ ἐν ἀμφοῖν ἡ δύναμις, ἢ οὐκ ἂν οὔτε διέπλαττε τὸ χρηστὸν οὔτ’ ἀπέτριβε τὸ μοχθηρόν.
Yet in both cases the faculty is strong; otherwise it would neither form the good nor expel the bad.
διαπλάττει μὲν οὖν ἐν ταῖς κυήσεσιν, ἐπειδὰν ἑξαδάκτυλον ἤ τι τοιοῦτον ἕτερον ἀπεργάσηται· κᾀν τοῖς ἤδη τελείοις, ἐπειδὰν ἐπιτρέφῃ σάρκας ἰσχυρὰς τοῖς ἡλκωμένοις μορίοις, ὡς πτερύγιον τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς.
Thus, in pregnancies, it forms when it produces a six-fingered hand or some other such thing; and in those already mature, when it grows strong flesh over ulcerated parts, like a pterygium in the eyes.
ἀποτίθεται δὲ τὸ περιττὸν ἐν γαγγλίοις τε καὶ μελικηρίσι καὶ στεατώμασι καὶ ἀθερώμασι καὶ τοῖς τοιούτοις ἅπασι.
And the surplus is deposited in ganglions, melicerides, steatomas, atheromas, and all such things.
§9Καὶ μὲν δὴ καὶ τὸ μέγεθος τῶν μορίων αὐξάνεται μὲν ὑπό τε πλήθους ὕλης χρηστῆς καὶ δυνάμεως ἐῤῥωμένης, μειοῦται δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν ἐναντίων, κᾀπειδὰν ἤτοι τομή τις, ἢ καῦσις, ἢ σῆψις, ἢ νέκρωσις ἐκ καταψύξεως ἀμέτρου διαφθείρῃ τινὸς ὀργάνου μόριον, ὡς εἶναι τὸ λειπόμενον αὐτοῦ κολοβόν.
And indeed, the size of the parts increases under the influence of an abundance of good material and a strong faculty, but decreases under the influence of the opposites, and also when an incision, cauterization, gangrene, or mortification from excessive cooling destroys a portion of some organ, so that its remaining part is mutilated.
§10Τὰ δ’ ἐν τῷ τῆς θέσεως γένει νοσήματα τινὰ μὲν ἐξαιφνιδίους τε καὶ σφοδρὰς ἔχει προηγουμένας κινήσεις, τινὰ δὲ δι’ ἀμετρίαν τῆς ἐν τοῖς ἄρθροις ὑγρότητος γίγνεται, τεγγούσης μὲν τοὺς συνδέσμους καὶ χαλώσης, ὀλισθηρὰν δὲ τῇ γλισχρότητι τὴν ὅλην διάρθρωσιν ἐργαζομένης.
On the other hand, among diseases in the class of position, some have sudden and violent movements as preceding causes, while others occur because of an excess of moisture in the joints, which moistens and relaxes the ligaments, and by its stickiness makes the whole articulation slippery.
ἐνίοις δὲ τῶν ἀμφὶ τὰς κοτύλας ὀφρύων περιθραυσθεισῶν ἑτοίμη ταῖς κεφαλαῖς τῶν κώλων ἡ παράλλαξις γίγνεται.
In some people, when the rims around the cotylae are broken, the displacement of the heads of the limbs readily occurs.
τισὶ δ’ εὐθὺς ἐξ ἀρχῆς ὕπτιαί τε καὶ προπετεῖς εἰσι καὶ παντάπασιν ἐπιπολῆς αἱ κοτύλαι.
In others, right from the beginning, the cotylae are flat, tilted forward, and completely shallow.
ταυτὶ μὲν οὖν ἅπαντα τῶν ἐξαρθρημάτων αἴτια.
Now, all these are causes of dislocations.
κατὰ δὲ τὰς ἐντεροκήλας τε καὶ τὰς ἐπιπλοκήλας ὀνομαζομένας ἀνευρύνεσθαι μὲν τοὐπίπαν, ἔστιν ὅτε δὲ καὶ ῥήγνυσθαι συμβαίνει τὸν ἀπὸ τοῦ περιτοναίου καθήκοντα πόρον ἐπὶ τοὺς ὄρχεις, εἶθ’ οὕτως εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν πόρον, ἢ εἰς τὸν ἐρυθροειδῆ χιτῶνα κατολισθαίνειν ἤτοι τὸ ἐπίπλουν, ἢ καί τι τῶν ἐντέρων.
In the case of what are called enteroceles and epiploceles, it happens that the passage leading from the peritoneum down to the testicles generally widens, and sometimes even ruptures, and then either the epiploon or some of the intestines slips down into the passage itself or into the erythroid tunic.
ἐξίσταται δὲ τῆς οἰκείας θέσεως ἔντερα, κᾀπειδὰν τοῦ περιτοναίου διαιρεθέντος προπέσῃ.
Intestines also depart from their proper position when they protrude after the peritoneum is divided.
καὶ πνεύμονος δὲ λοβὸς ἐπὶ ταῖς τοῦ θώρακος τρώσεσιν ἐκπίπτει πολλάκις.
And a lobe of the lung often prolapses upon wounds of the chest.
καὶ ὁ ῥαγοειδὴς χιτὼν ἐπὶ πλεῖστον χαλᾶται, διαβρωθέντος τοῦ κερατοειδοῦς.
The grape-like tunic is also extremely relaxed when the cornea is eroded.
εἰ δὲ καὶ τῶν σπλάγχνων ὑποπτύσσεταί τις ἐνίοτε λοβὸς ἐπὶ σφοδραῖς καταπτώσεσιν, ἢ θλίψεσιν, εἴη ἂν καὶ τοῦτο τὸ νόσημα τῆς τε θέσεως ἅμα καὶ τοῦ σχήματος ὑπάλλαξις ἐπὶ ταῖς εἰρημέναις γιγνόμενον.
And if sometimes a lobe of the viscera is folded down upon violent falls or compressions, this disease too would be a simultaneous change of both position and shape occurring upon the aforementioned causes.
ἡ δὲ πρὸς τὰ παρακείμενα μόρια κοινωνία διαφθείρεται, συμφύντων τινῶν ἀλλήλοις οὐ δεόντως, ἤ τινος ἀρτήματος, ἢ δεσμοῦ χαλασθέντος, ἢ συνταθέντος, ἢ ἀποῤῥαγέντος.
The connection with adjacent parts is destroyed when some adhere to one another improperly, or when some suspensory part or ligament is relaxed, tensed, or torn.
ἐκ τίνων δ’ ἕκαστον τούτων γίγνεται προφάσεων, εὔδηλον.
From what causes each of these occurs is obvious.