§7#2ἐν ἅπασι γὰρ τοῖς τοιούτοις ἑτερόῤῥοπον γίγνεται τὸ μόριον ἄλλοτε κατ’ ἄλλην αἰτίαν.
For in all such cases, the part becomes unbalanced, at different times for different reasons.
ἐν μὲν τοῖς κατὰ θάτερα παραλελυμένοις, ὑπὸ τῶν ἐνεργούντων μυῶν ἑλκόμενον. οὕτω δὲ κᾀν τοῖς ἑτεροῤῥόποις σπασμοῖς ὑπὸ τῶν σπωμένων.
In those who are paralyzed on one side, it is because it is drawn by the active muscles; and likewise also in unbalanced convulsions, it is drawn by the convulsed muscles.
καὶ φλεγμοναὶ δὲ καὶ σκίῤῥοι καὶ οὐλαὶ σκληραὶ καὶ πάνθ’ ὅσα τοιαῦτα παθήματα τείνοντα πρὸς ἑαυτὰ τὸ συνεχὲς, οὕτω διαστρέφει τὸ μόριον.
And indeed, inflammations, scirrhous tumors, hard scars, and all such affections, by drawing the continuous parts toward themselves, distort the part in this way.
ἐν δ’ αὖ τοῖς διατετμημένοις νεύροις καὶ τένουσιν, ὥσπερ ἐν τοῖς παραλελυμένοις ἡ τῶν ἀντιτεταγμένων τε καὶ κατὰ φύσιν ἐχόντων ἐνέργεια πρὸς ἑαυτὴν ἐπισπᾶται τὸ μέρος, ὥστε τὰς πολλὰς ταύτας αἰτίας ἑνὶ τρόπῳ συμπάσας ὑπάγεσθαι τῇ διαστρεφούσῃ τὸ μέρος ἑτεροῤῥόπῳ τάσει.
On the other hand, in cases of severed nerves and tendons, just as in the paralyzed, the action of the opposed muscles which are in a natural state drags the part toward itself, so that all these many causes are reduced in a single way to the unbalanced tension that distorts the part.
καὶ περὶ μὲν τῆς τῶν παρὰ φύσιν σχημάτων. διαφορᾶς ἱκανὰ καὶ ταῦτα.
And these things are sufficient concerning the difference of unnatural shapes.
τὰς δ’ ἐντὸς τῶν μορίων κοιλότητας ἢ τοὺς πόρους αὐτῶν ἤτοι διαφθείρεσθαι τελέως ἢ βλάπτεσθαι συμβαίνει κατὰ τάσδε τὰς αἰτίας, σύμφυσιν, στενοχωρίαν, ἔμφραξιν, θλίψιν, συνίζησίν, ἀναστόμωσιν.
But the internal cavities of the parts or their passages happen to be either completely destroyed or impaired according to these causes: adhesion, narrowing, obstruction, pressure, collapse, opening up.
ἐνίοτε μὲν γὰρ ἑλκωθείσης τῆς ἔνδον ἐπιφανείας ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ κοιλότητι, κᾄπειτα συμφύντων ἀλλήλοις τῶν ἡλκωμένων ἡ διαφθορὰ γίγνεται τῆς κατὰ φύσιν διαπλάσεως· ἐνίοτε δὲ ἤτοι σαρκὸς ἐπιτραφείσης ἢ ἄλλου τινὸς παρὰ φύσιν βλαστήματος; ἤ καὶ σκίῤῥου συστάντος, ἢ φλεγμονῆς, ἢ ἀποστήματος ἐν αὐτοῖς τῶν ὀργάνων τοῖς σώμασι, κᾄπειτα τοῦ παρὰ φύσιν ὄγκου τὴν ἐντὸς κοιλότητα καταλαβόντος, ἡ στενοχωρία γίγνεται· καὶ μὲν δὴ καὶ ἡ τῶν γλίσχρων τε καὶ παχέων ὑγρῶν καί τινων πόρων ἢ θρόμβων ἔμφραξις εἰς τὴν αὐτὴν ἄγει τὰς κοιλότητας διάθεσιν.
For sometimes, when the inner surface within the cavity itself becomes ulcerated, and then the ulcerated parts adhere to one another, the destruction of the natural formation occurs; sometimes, when either flesh grows over or some other unnatural growth, or even when a scirrhus, an inflammation, or an abscess is formed in the very bodies of the organs, and then the unnatural swelling occupies the internal cavity, narrowing occurs; and indeed also the obstruction of sticky and thick humors, and of certain passages (or stones) or clots, brings the cavities into the same condition.
οὕτω δὲ κᾂν εἴ τι τῶν ἔξωθεν ἐμπιπτόντων θλίβοι σφοδρῶς, ἀναγκαῖον εἰς τὴν ἐντὸς κοιλότητα συνωθεῖσθαι τὰ περιέχοντα αὐτὴν σώματα.
And likewise, if anything falling from without should compress it violently, it is necessary that the bodies surrounding the internal cavity are pushed together into the internal cavity.
κᾂν εἰ συνιζάνοι δὲ εἰς ἑαυτὰ τὰ σώματα, καθάπερ ὑπὸ τῶν στυφόντων πάσχει συναγόμενα, καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν ψυχόντων πιλούμενα, καὶ πρὸς τῶν ξηραινόντων αὐαινόμενα, στεγνώσει δηλονότι κᾀν τούτῳ μάλιστα μὲν τοὺς πόρους, ἤδη δὲ καὶ αὐτὰς τὰς κοιλίας.
And if the bodies should collapse into themselves, as they suffer being drawn together by astringents, condensed by cooling agents, and dried out by drying agents, it will obviously close up in this way especially the passages, and indeed also the cavities themselves.
τὰ μέν γε στόματα τῶν πόρων οὐ στεγνοῦται μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ παντελῶς τυφλοῦται πολλάκις ἐν ταῖς τοιαύταις διαθέσεσιν.
Indeed, the mouths of the passages are not only closed up, but often completely obliterated in such conditions.
ἀτὰρ οὖν καὶ ἡ τῆς καθεκτικῆς ὀνομαζομένης δυνάμεως ἄμετρος κίνησις ἐσχάτως συνάγουσα καὶ σφίγγουσα τὰ στόματα τῶν πόρων, αἰτία καὶ αὕτη ποτὲ γίγνεται στεγνώσεως, ὥσπερ γε καὶ τῆς μανώσεως ἐνίοτε μὲν ἡ τῆς ἀποκριτικῆς δυνάμεως ἄμετρος κίνησις αἰτία γίγνεται, πολλάκις δὲ καὶ ἡ τῆς καθεκτικῆς ἀῤῥωστία, καί τι φάρμακον, ἢ ὕδωρ ἀναστομωτικὸν, ἢ πλάδος τις ἄμετρος αὐτοῖς τοῖς ὀργάνοις ἐγγενόμενος, ἢ ἡ τοῦ περιέχοντος ἡμᾶς κρᾶσις εἰς ὑγρότητά τε καὶ ἄμετρον θερμότητα μεθισταμένη.
Moreover, also the excessive movement of the so-called retentive faculty, which extremely contracts and tightens the mouths of the passages, itself also sometimes becomes the cause of closure, just as indeed of looseness sometimes the excessive movement of the excretory faculty becomes the cause, and often also the weakness of the retentive faculty, and some drug, or dilating water, or some excessive dampness arising in the organs themselves, or the temperament of the surrounding air changing into moisture and excessive heat.
αὗται μὲν δὴ καὶ αἱ τῶν κατά τε τὰς κοιλίας καὶ τοὺς πόρους διαθέσεων αἰτίαι.
These then are also the causes of the conditions in the cavities and the passages.
καὶ δῆλον, ὡς ἐκ τῶν εἰρημένων ἤδη πρόδηλον, ὁποίας τινὰς εἶναι βούλονται τὰς αἰτίας τῶν ἐν τοῖς ὁμοιομερέσι σώμασι νοσημάτων, ὅσοι συγκεῖσθαι νομίζουσιν ἐξ ὄγκων καὶ πόρων αὐτά.
And it is clear, as is already manifest from what has been said, what kind of causes of diseases in homoeomerous bodies those who think they are composed of corpuscles and pores wish them to be.
ἐμοὶ δὲ περιττὸν ἐδόκει μνημονεύειν καὶ τούτων ἰδίᾳ, ψευδοῦς ὅλης τῆς ὑποθέσεως αὐτῶν οὔσης.
But to me it seemed superfluous to mention these also individually, since their entire hypothesis is false.
ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ τὸ προκείμενον ἐπανέλθωμεν, εἴπωμέν τε τῶν ὑπολοίπων νοσημάτων τὰς αἰτίας, ἀπὸ τοῦ κατὰ τὴν διάπλασιν αὖθις ὑπαρξάμενοι γένους.
But let us return to the subject before us, and speak of the causes of the remaining diseases, beginning again with the class related to formation.
ὑπελείπετο δὲ ἐν αὐτῷ διττὴ νοσημάτων γένεσις, ἤτοι τραχυνομένων παρὰ φύσιν, ἢ λειαινομένων τῶν ὀργάνων.
And there remained in it a twofold generation of diseases, namely, of organs becoming unnaturally rough, or smooth.
τραχύνεται δὴ τὰ πρότερον λεῖα, καὶ λεῖα γίγνεται τὰ πρότερον τραχέα, τὰ μὲν ὑπὸ δριμύτητος χυμῶν ἢ φαρμάκων ῥυπτόμενα, τὰ δ’ ὑπὸ λιπαρᾶς ὑγρότητος ἢ γλίσχρου χυμοῦ τεγγόμενα.
For those that were previously smooth become rough, and those that were previously rough become smooth, some being cleansed by the sharpness of humors or drugs, others being moistened by fatty moisture or sticky humor.
καὶ μάλιστα ἐν ὀστοῖς ἐναργῶς φαίνεται ταῦτα γινόμενα, ποτὲ μὲν ὑπ’ αὐτῶν τῶν ἰατρῶν οὐ δεόντως ἰωμένων, ἔστιν ὅτε δὲ κᾀξ αὐτῆς τῶν ἐν τοῖς ζώοις ὑγρῶν ὁρμᾶται τῆς φύσεως.
And these are seen happening most clearly in bones, sometimes by the doctors themselves who treat them improperly, and sometimes starting from the nature of the humors in animals itself.
ὀφθαλμοῖς δὲ καὶ φάρυγγι τραχύτητες οὐκ ἐκ τούτων μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐξ ἀτμῶν δριμέων, ἢ κονιορτοῦ καὶ καπνοῦ προσγίνονται, καθάπερ, οἶμαι, καὶ στομάχῳ καὶ γαστρὶ καὶ ἐντέροις ἔκ τε τῶν ἐν αὐτῷ τῷ σώματι γεννωμένων περιττωμάτων κᾀκ τῆς τῶν ἐσθιομένων τε καὶ πινομένων ποιότητος, ἐν οἷς ἐστι καὶ τὰ δηλητήρια.
And roughnesses occur in the eyes and the throat not only from these things, but also from sharp vapors, or dust and smoke, just as, I think, also in the esophagus, stomach, and intestines, both from the residues generated in the body itself and from the quality of things eaten and drunk, among which are also poisons.
πρόδηλον δ’ ὡς ἕκαστον τῶν τραχυνόντων αἰτίων σφοδρότερον γενόμενον ἕλκωσιν μέν τινα ἢ διάβρωσιν ἐν τοῖς σαρκώδεσι μορίοις, ἐν τοῖς ὀστοῖς δὲ τερηδόνας ἀπεργάζεται.
And it is manifest that each of the roughening causes, if it becomes more violent, produces a certain ulceration or erosion in the fleshy parts, and caries in the bones.
αὗται μὲν οὖν αἱ τοῦ πρώτου γένους τῶν νοσημάτων τοῦ παρὰ τὴν διάπλασιν αἰτίαι.
These then are the causes of the first class of diseases, namely those related to formation.