§3#2δέδεικται γὰρ οὖν καὶ τοῦθ’ ἡμῖν ἐν μὲν τῷ περὶ χρείας σφυγμῶν, ὡς ὑπὲρ τοῦ φυλάττεσθαι σύμμετρον ἐν ἅπασι τοῖς μέρεσι τοῦ ζώου τὸ κατὰ φύσιν θερμὸν αἱ ἀρτηρίαι σφύζουσιν· ἐν δὲ τῷ περὶ χρείας ἀναπνοῆς, ὅτι καὶ ἥδε τὴν ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ θερμότητα φυλάττει σύμμετρον.
this indeed has also been shown by us in the treatise On the Usefulness of Pulses, namely, that the arteries pulse in order that the natural heat may be preserved in due proportion in all parts of the animal; and in On the Usefulness of Respiration, that this too preserves the heat in the heart in due proportion.
ὥσπερ οὖν εἰ τὰς ἐκτὸς ταύτας φλόγας ἀποστερήσαις τῆς πρὸς τὸ περιέχον κοινωνίας, ἢ πνιγέαν περιθεὶς αὐταῖς, ἢ σικύαν, ἤ τι τοιοῦτο ἄλλο, διαφθερεῖς παραχρῆμα, κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον, εἰ καὶ τὴν ἐν τοῖς ζώοις θερμότητα καθείρξαις τε καὶ κατακλείσαις, ὡς μηδαμῆ κοινωνεῖν τῷ πέριξ ἀέρι, διαφθερεῖς ἐν τάχει.
Just as, therefore, if you were to deprive these external flames of association with the surrounding air, either by placing an extinguisher around them, or a cupping glass, or some other such thing, you will destroy them immediately, in the same way, if you were also to confine and shut in the heat in animals, so that it in no way associates with the surrounding air, you will destroy it quickly.
ἡ μὲν οὖν ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ θερμασία διὰ τοῦ τῆς φάρυγγος πόρου κοινωνεῖ τῷ περιέχοντι, καὶ εἰ τοῦτον στεγνώσαις, καταπνίξεις τε αὐτὴν αὐτίκα καὶ διαφθερεῖς τὸ ζῶον.
Now the heat in the heart associates with the surrounding air through the passage of the throat, and if you obstruct this, you will suffocate it immediately and destroy the animal.
ἡ δ’ ἐν ταῖς καθ’ ὅλον τὸν ὄγκον τοῦ σώματος ἀρτηρίαις θερμασία διά τε τῆς καρδίας αὐτῆς, καθ’ ὃ κοινωνεῖ τῇ φάρυγγι, καὶ διὰ παντὸς τοῦ δέρματος ἐς τὸ περιέχον ἀναπνεῖ, ῥιπιζομένη μὲν ἐν ταῖς διαστολαῖς, ἀποχέουσα δὲ τὸ αἰθαλῶδες ἐν ταῖς συστολαῖς, ὑφ’ ὧν ἀμφοτέρων ἡ κατὰ φύσιν αὐτῆς συμμετρία διασώζεται.
On the other hand, the heat in the arteries throughout the whole bulk of the body breathes out into the surrounding air both through the heart itself, where it associates with the throat, and through the whole skin, being fanned during dilations, and pouring off the sooty residue during contractions, by both of which its natural proportion is preserved.
καὶ δὴ καὶ στεγνωθεισῶν τῶν ἀρτηριῶν ἤτοι, καθάπερ ὀλίγον ἔμπροσθεν ἔφαμεν, ὑπὸ πλήθους αἵματος, ἢ τινῶν ἐμφραγμάτων ἐν τοῖς στόμασιν αὐτῶν γενομένων, ὡς μηδαμῆ διαπνεῖσθαι, σβεσθῆναι μὲν ἀνάγκη τὸ θερμὸν, νεκρωθῆναι δὲ τὸ διατεθὲν οὕτω σῶμα.
And indeed, if the arteries are obstructed, either, as we said a little earlier, by a superabundance of blood, or by certain blockages occurring in their mouths, so that they can in no way breathe through, the heat must necessarily be extinguished, and the body thus affected must die.
μετρίας μέντοι τῆς στεγνώσεως γενομένης, οὐκ ἔτι ἐξ ἀνάγκης συστήσεται πάθημα τοιοῦτον περὶ τὴν ἔμφυτον θερμασίαν.
However, if the obstruction is moderate, such an affection will no longer necessarily arise concerning the innate heat.
ἀλλ’ εἰ μὲν οἷον αἰθαλῶδές τι καὶ καπνῶδες εἴη, τηνικαῦτα τὸ κατὰ τὸ τοῦ ζώου σῶμα περίττωμα γενόμενον ἕτερον ἔσται πάθημα τῆς ἐμφύτου θερμασίας· εἰ δ’ ἀτμίζον ᾖ μόνον ἡδὺ καὶ χρηστὸν, ἕτερον. ἑκάτερον δ’ αὐτῶν διττὸν, ὡδί πως διαφέρον.
But if the residue generated in the animal's body should be, as it were, sooty and smoky, then there will be one kind of affection of the innate heat; but if it is only a sweet and good vapor, there will be another.
ὅταν γὰρ αἷμα χρηστὸν ἀκριβῶς ᾖ κατὰ τὸ σῶμα, μηδενὶ περιττώματι μοχθηρῷ τεθολωμένον, ἀτμὸς ἐξ αὐτοῦ θερμαινομένου χρηστὸς ἐγείρεται, μηδὲν ἐπιφερόμενος ἅμ’ ἑαυτῷ πυρῶδες ἢ δριμύ.
And each of these is twofold, differing in some such way as this: for when the blood throughout the body is strictly good, untroubled by any bad residue, a good vapor arises from it as it is heated, bringing with itself nothing fiery or pungent.
τὸ μὲν δὴ τοιοῦτον σῶμα μετρίως στεγνωθὲν ἢ πληθωρικὸν ἐν τάχει γένοιτ’ ἂν, ἢ θερμότερον τοῦ κατὰ φύσιν· ἀταλαιπώρως μὲν διαιτωμένοις πληθωρικὸν, ἔνδον μενόντων ὧν ἐχρῆν πονουμένων ἐκκενοῦσθαι· διαπονοῦσι δὲ θερμότερον, ὡς ἂν ἐκ μὲν τῆς κινήσεως αὐξανομένης τῆς ἐμφύτου θερμασίας, μὴ διαπνεομένης δὲ τῷ πεπυκνῶσθαι τὸ σῶμα.
Indeed, such a body, if moderately obstructed, would quickly become either plethoric or hotter than is natural; plethoric for those who live without exertion, because the things which ought to be evacuated through labor remain inside; but hotter for those who exercise, since on the one hand the innate heat is increased by movement, but on the other hand is not breathed out because the body has become dense.
κατὰ δὲ τὸ καπνῶδες ὑποτρέφον περίττωμα σῶμα στεγνωθὲν ἤτοι πυρετὸς ἐξαφθήσεται, κατακλεισθείσης ἔνδον τῆς λιγνυώδους ἀναθυμιάσεως, ἢ καταπνιγήσεται καὶ σβεσθήσεται τὸ ἔμφυτον θερμόν.
On the other hand, a body that nourishes a smoky residue, when obstructed, will either have a fever kindled because the sooty exhalation is shut inside, or its innate heat will be suffocated and extinguished.
ἑκάτερον δ’ αὐτῶν ἀκολουθήσει τῷ τε πλήθει τοῦ περιττώματος καὶ τῷ ποσῷ τῆς στεγνώσεως.
And each of these will follow both the abundance of the residue and the degree of the obstruction.
εἰ μὲν γὰρ τὸ καπνῶδες περίττωμα τὸ δεόμενον τῆς κενώσεως εἴη πάμπολυ καὶ ἡ στέγνωσις σφοδρὰ, κίνδυνος ἀποσβεσθῆναι καταπνιγεῖσαν ὑπὸ τοῦ περιττώματος τὴν ἔμφυτον θερμασίαν· εἰ δ’ ὀλίγον τε εἴη τὸ περίττωμα καὶ ἡ στέγνωσις βραχεῖα, πυρετὸς ἀναφθήσεται.
For if on the one hand the smoky residue which needs evacuation should be very much, and the obstruction severe, there is danger that the innate heat, being suffocated by the residue, will be extinguished; but if on the other hand the residue is little, and the obstruction slight, a fever will be kindled.
δῆλον οὖν ὡς καὶ τὰς φυσικὰς ἐπίστασθαι χρὴ καὶ τὰς ἐπικτήτους διαθέσεις τοῦ σώματος, ἐν αἷς ἤτοι λιγνυῶδες, ἢ καπνῶδες, ἢ ἀτμῶδές ἐστι τὸ διαπνεόμενον.
It is clear, therefore, that one must understand both the natural and the acquired dispositions of the body, in which the substance breathed through is either sooty, smoky, or vaporous.
ἀλλὰ τοῦτο μὲν ἐν τῇ τῆς θεραπευτικῆς μεθόδου λεχθήσεται πραγματείᾳ· νυνὶ δὲ ἐπὶ τὸ προκείμενον ἐπανίωμεν.
But this indeed will be discussed in the treatise On the Method of Therapeutics; for now, let us return to the subject before us.
ὥσπερ γὰρ ἡ στέγνωσις ψύξεως αἰτία πολλάκις γίγνεται καθ’ ὃν εἴρηται τρόπον, οὕτω καὶ ἡ μάνωσις, ὅταν ἐπιπλέον ἢ προσῆκε διαφορήσῃ τε καὶ σκεδάσῃ τὸ ἔμφυτον θερμὸν, ψυχρότερον ἀπεργάζεται τὸ σῶμα.
For just as obstruction often becomes a cause of chilling in the manner described, so also rareness, whenever it dissipates and scatters the innate heat more than is proper, renders the body colder.
γίγνεται δὲ ταῦτα καὶ καθ’ ὅλον μὲν τὸ ζῶον, οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ καὶ καθ’ ἕκαστον μόριον ὡσαύτως, ἤτοι στεγνούμενον, ἢ μανούμενον.
And these things happen indeed both in the whole animal, and also no less in each individual part in the same way, when it is either obstructed or rarefied.
εἰ γὰρ ἥν περ ὅλον ἔσχε τὸ σῶμα διάθεσιν ἐπὶ ταῖς ἐμφράξεσί τε καὶ πληρώσεσι τῶν ἀρτηριῶν, ταύτην σχοίη τὸ μόριον ὑπὸ τῶν ἐν αὐτῷ μόνων πεπονθυιῶν ἀρτηριῶν, ἀνάγκη δήπου καὶ νοσῆσαι παραπλησίως αὐτῷ.
For if a part should experience, solely because of the affected arteries within itself, the very same disposition that the whole body had upon the blockages and fillings of the arteries, it is indeed necessary that it also fall ill in a similar manner to the body.
καὶ μὲν δὴ καὶ τὰ προσπίπτοντα ἔξωθεν αὐτῷ φάρμακά τε καὶ ὕδατα φαρμακώδη καὶ ψυχρὰ καὶ αὐτὸ τὸ περιέχον ἤτοι στέγνωσιν, ἢ μάνωσιν ἄμετρον ἐναπεργάζεσθαι δυνήσεται τῷ μορίῳ.
And indeed, drugs falling upon it from without, and medicated and cold waters, and the surrounding air itself, will be able to produce either obstruction or immoderate rareness in the part.
καί τινες βίαιοι δεσμοὶ ποτὲ μὲν αὐτῷ τῷ μέρει, ποτὲ δὲ τοῖς ὑπερκειμένοις περιτιθέμενοι νεκρώσουσί τε καὶ καταψύξουσιν αὐτὸ, τῆς πρὸς τὴν ἀρχὴν τοῦ ζώου κοινωνίας στερήσαντες, ἐξ ἧς αὐτῷ καὶ ἡ σύμφυτος ἐπέῤῥει θερμασία καὶ ἡ κινοῦσα τὰς ἀρτηρίας δύναμις ἐχορηγεῖτο.
And certain violent ligatures, placed sometimes around the part itself, and sometimes around the parts above, will both mortify and chill it, by depriving it of association with the source of the animal, from which both its connatural heat flowed to it and the power moving the arteries was supplied.