§3#1Τοῦ μὲν δὴ θερμοῦ νοσήματος ἐν τῷ καθόλου τὰς αἰτίας εἴπομεν, ἐπὶ δὲ τὸ ψυχρὸν ἤδη μεταβῶμεν.
have stated the causes of the hot disease in general, so let us now pass to the cold one.
εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ αἱ τοῦδε πλείους τὸν ἀριθμὸν αἰτίαι, οἷον ὁμιλίαι τῶν ψυχόντων, καὶ τῶν ἐσθιομένων καὶ πινομένων τό τε ποσὸν καὶ τὸ ποιὸν, καὶ στέγνωσίς τε καὶ μάνωσις, κᾀπὶ τούτοις ἀργία τε καὶ κίνησις ἄμετρος.
The causes of this one are also more numerous in number, such as association with chilling things, and of things eaten and drunk, both the quantity and the quality, and obstruction and rareness, and in addition to these, inactivity and immoderate movement.
αὗται γὰρ οὖν δὴ καὶ αὐτὸ τὸ πῦρ σβεννύουσιν αἱ προφάσεις.
For indeed these occasions extinguish even fire itself.
ἄνθρακι μὲν γὰρ σμικρῷ χιόνα πολλὴν, ἢ κρύσταλλον ἐπιθεὶς, ἢ ὕδωρ ψυχρὸν ἐπιχέας, σβέσεις παραχρῆμα.
For if you place much snow or ice upon a small coal, or pour cold water upon it, you will extinguish it immediately.
κᾂν εἰ τὸ περιέχον εἴη ἄκρως ψυχρὸν, οἷον μάλιστα περὶ τὸν Ἴστρον χειμῶνος, οὐ μόνον λύχνον ὑπαίθριον ὄψει σβεννύμενον εὐθὺς, ἀλλὰ καὶ πᾶν ἄλλο ὀλίγον πῦρ.
And even if the surrounding air should be extremely cold, as especially around the Ister in winter, you will see not only an outdoor lamp extinguished immediately, but also every other small fire.
οὕτω μὲν ὑπὸ τῆς τῶν ἄγαν ψυχρῶν ὁμιλίας νικᾶται τὸ πῦρ· ὑπὸ δὲ τῆς τῶν τρέφειν αὐτὸ φύσιν ἐχόντων ὑπερβολῆς, ἢ ἐνδείας, ἢ μὴ προσηκούσης ποιότητος ὡδί πως βλάπτεται.
Thus indeed is fire conquered by association with excessively cold things; but by the excess, or deficiency, or unsuitable quality of those things which have a nature to nourish it, it is harmed in some such way as this.
ξύλα μὲν ἀθρόα καὶ πολλὰ σωρεύσας ἐπὶ σμικρᾶς φλογὸς ἀποπνίξεις αὐτὴν ὑπερβολῇ ποσότητος ἀμέτρου, μὴ παρέχων δὲ ὅλως ἢ παντάπασιν ὀλίγα, μαραινομένην ὄψει δι’ ἔνδειαν, ἢ ὀλιγότητα τροφῆς.
If you pile up many logs all at once upon a small flame, you will suffocate it by the excess of immoderate quantity, but if you do not provide any at all or provide altogether few, you will see it dying away because of the deficiency or scarcity of nourishment.
οὕτω δέ που καὶ τὴν λυχνιαίαν φλόγα θεώμεθα μειουμένην τε καὶ κινδυνεύουσαν σβεσθῆναι ταῖς ἀμετρίαις τῆς οἰκείας τροφῆς.
In this way too, I suppose, we observe the flame of a lamp decreasing and running the risk of being extinguished by the immoderations of its own nourishment.
εἴτε γὰρ μὴ παρέχῃς αὐτῇ τοὔλαιον δαψιλὲς, εἴτε ἀθρόως καταχέοις, πάμπολυ λυπήσεις ἑκατέρως· εἰ δὲ καὶ παρέχεις μὲν ἄφθονον αὐτῇ τὴν ὕλην, ἀλλ’ ἤτοι μηδ’ ὅλως καίεσθαι πεφυκυῖαν, ἢ σὺν πολλῷ καμάτῳ, καὶ ταύτην εὐθέως ἐλάττονα ποιήσεις τὴν φλόγα, καθάπερ εἰ καὶ τοὔλαιον ἀναμίξας ὕδατι καταχέεις τοῦ πυρός.
For whether you do not provide oil abundantly for it, or pour it all at once, you will vex it greatly in both ways; and even if you do provide abundant matter for it, but either such as is not naturally disposed to burn at all, or only with much labor, you will immediately make this flame smaller, just as if you mix oil with water and pour it upon the fire.
καὶ μὲν δὴ καὶ στεγνώσας τὸ περιέχον τὴν φλόγα καὶ μανώσας ἀμέτρως, ὄψει καὶ οὕτως ἐλάττονά τε γιγνομένην ἐν τάχει καὶ κινδυνεύουσαν σβεσθῆναι.
And indeed, if you obstruct the air surrounding the flame or rarefy it immoderately, you will see it in this way too quickly becoming smaller and running the risk of being extinguished.
στεγνοῦται μὲν οὖν εἰ σικύαν ἰατρικὴν, ἢ πνιγέαν περιθείης, ἤ τι τοιοῦτον ἕτερον· οὕτω δὲ καὶ τῶν καμίνων εἰ τὰς ὀπὰς ἐμφράξαις.
Now it is obstructed if you place a medical cupping glass, or an extinguisher, or some other such thing around it; and so also if you block up the openings of ovens.
εἰ δὲ ἐν ἡλίῳ πολλῷ καὶ θερινῷ καὶ προσηλίῳ χωρίῳ καταθείης, ἢ μείζονα παραθείης ἑτέραν φλόγα, θεάσῃ καὶ τότε τὴν ἐλάττω μαραινομένην ἐκ τοῦ μανοῦσθαί τε καὶ διαφορεῖσθαι σφοδρῶς ὑπὸ τῆς ἔξωθεν φλογὸς ἰσχυροτέρας ὑπαρχούσης.
But if you place it in much summer sun and in a sunny place, or place another larger flame next to it, you will see even then the smaller flame dying away from being rarefied and dissipated violently by the external flame which is stronger.
ὅτι δὲ καὶ ῥιπίζων αὐτὴν, ὅπερ ἐστὶ κινῶν, αὐξήσεις μὲν, εἰ μεμετρημένως αὐτὸ ποιήσεις, ἀμέτρως δὲ ῥιπίσας διαλύσεις τε καὶ σκεδάσεις, οὐδὲ τοῦτο ἄδηλον.
And that if you fan it, which is to move it, you will increase it if you do it moderately, but if you fan it immoderately you will dissolve and scatter it, is not unclear either.
οὕτω γοῦν καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι κατὰ τὸ μέγεθος ἀεὶ τῆς φλογὸς ἐθέλουσιν ὑπάρχειν, εἴ τι μέλλοιεν ὀνήσειν αὐτήν· οἱ δὲ μείζους ἢ κατ’ ἐκείνην σκεδαννύουσιν, οὐ ῥιπίζουσιν.
In this way, at any rate, winds also wish always to be proportional to the magnitude of the flame, if they are going to benefit it; but those that are greater than it scatter it, and do not fan it.
κᾀν τῷδε δῆλον ὡς δεῖται μὲν τῆς ἐπικτήτου κινήσεως ἡ φλὸξ πρὸς αὔξησιν, οὐ μὴν ἀμέτρου γε ταύτης.
And in this it is clear that the flame needs acquired movement for increase, though indeed not immoderate movement.
ἀῤῥωστεῖ μὲν γὰρ οὐδ’ ὅλως ῥιπιζομένη, σκεδάννυται δὲ καὶ διαφορεῖται πρὸς τῆς ἔξωθεν κινήσεως ἐπιπιπτούσης.
For it grows weak when not fanned at all, but is scattered and dissipated by the external movement falling upon it.
κατὰ μὲν δὴ τὸ πρῶτον εἶδος τῆς αἰτίας ὑπὸ παντὸς τοῦ προσπίπτοντος ἔξωθεν ψυχροῦ, τοῦ μὲν κατὰ τὴν θίξιν μόνον, τοῦ δὲ κατὰ τὴν δύναμιν ἔσται τι νόσημα ψυχρόν.
According to the first kind of cause, then, by everything cold falling upon it from without, some by touch alone, others by power, there will be some cold disease.
οὕτως ἐν ὕδατι ψυχρῷ νηξάμενός τις ἐβλάβη, καὶ κακῶς λουσάμενος, καὶ διὰ κρύους ὁδοιπορήσας.
Thus, by swimming in cold water someone was harmed, and by bathing badly, and by journeying through the cold.
ἐνίους δὲ καὶ ἀποθανόντας οἶδα πρὶν οἴκαδε παραγενέσθαι.
Indeed, I know of some who even died before reaching home.
κατὰ δὲ τὸ δεύτερον ἢ ἀπόπληκτος, ἢ ἐπίληπτος, ἢ κίνησιν ἢ αἴσθησιν βεβλαμμένος, ἤ πως ἄλλως κατεψυγμένος ἐξ οἰνοφλυγίας τις ἐγένετο.
According to the second kind, someone became apoplectic, or epileptic, or harmed in movement or sensation, or in some other way chilled from excessive wine-drinking.
καί τοί γε αὔξει τὴν ἔμφυτον θερμασίαν ὁ σύμμετρος οἶνος, ὡς ἂν οἰκειοτάτη τροφή.
And yet moderate wine increases the innate heat, as being the most appropriate nourishment.
καὶ μὲν δὴ καὶ ἡ τῶν χρηστοτάτων τε καὶ τροφιμωτάτων τῷ ζώῳ σιτίων ἄμετρος προσφορὰ νοσημάτων ψυχρῶν αἰτία γίγνεται.
And indeed, the immoderate consumption of even the best and most nourishing foods for the animal becomes a cause of cold diseases.
ὅσα δὲ ψυχρότερα φύσει τῶν ἐσθιομένων ἢ πινομένων, καὶ ταῦτα ψυχρῶν νοσημάτων αἴτια.
And whatever of things eaten or drunk are colder by nature, these too are causes of cold diseases.
τῶν τοιούτων δέ ἐστι καὶ μήκων καὶ μανδραγόρα καὶ ὑοσκύαμος καὶ κώνειον, ἃ δὴ καὶ κτείνει τῷ σφοδρῷ τῆς ψύξεως.
Of such things are poppy, mandrake, henbane, and hemlock, which indeed also kill by the intensity of their chilling.
ἡ δέ γε στέγνωσις ἡ ἐσχάτη, τρίτον γὰρ δὴ τοῦτο νοσημάτων ψυχρῶν αἴτιον ἐτιθέμεθα, κάρους τε καὶ κώματα καὶ ἀποπληξίας ἐργάζεται· καὶ τοῦτο ἔστι τὸ πρὸς Ἱπποκράτους λεγόμενον, ὡς τῷ ἐξαίφνης ἄφωνον γενέσθαι, φλεβῶν ἀπολήψιες τὸ σῶμα λυπέουσιν, ὀνομάζει μὲν γὰρ ὁμοίως τοῖς ἄλλοις παλαιοῖς τὰ δύο γένη τῶν ἐναίμων ἀγγείων φλέβας, οὐχ ὥσπερ οἱ νεώτεροι τὸ ἕτερον μόνον τὸ μὴ σφύζον.
And the extreme obstruction—for this indeed we laid down as the third cause of cold diseases—produces torpor, comas, and apoplexies; and this is what is said by Hippocrates, that "for sudden loss of speech, obstructions of the veins harm the body," for he, like the other ancients, calls both kinds of blood-containing vessels "veins," not like the moderns who call only the other kind, the non-pulsating one, by that name.
ἐπειδὰν δὲ ἀποληφθῶσιν αἱ κατὰ τὸ ζῶον ἀρτηρίαι, τοῦτ’ ἔστιν οὕτω πληρωθῶσιν αἵματος, ὡς μηδεμίαν ἔτι κενὴν ἀπολείπεσθαι χώραν ἐν αὐταῖς, εἰς ἣν ἐν τῷ διαστέλλεσθαι τὸν ἔξωθεν ἀέρα ἐπισπᾷν δυνήσονται, καταπνίγεται μὲν ἐν τῷδε καὶ ἔμφυτον θερμὸν, ἀκίνητοι δὲ καὶ ἀναίσθητοι διὰ ταχέων οἱ οὕτω παθόντες ὅλῳ τῷ σώματι γίγνονται.
But whenever the arteries in the animal are obstructed, that is, are so filled with blood that no empty space is left in them into which they will be able to draw in the external air during dilation, the innate heat is suffocated in this, and those thus affected quickly become motionless and insensate in their whole body.