§5#2οὕτω δὲ καὶ κλεψύδρας καταγραφὴν ὁ λόγος εὗρεν ἀναλυτικῇ μεθόδῳ ζητήσας, ἧς πάλιν ἡ βάσανος ἐναργής ἐστι καὶ τοῖς ἰδιώταις.
this way also, reason found the drawing of the clepsydra, having sought it by the analytical method, of which again the test is clear even to laymen.
ἡ γὰρ ἀνωτάτω γραμμὴ δωδεκάτην ὥραν σημαίνουσα τὸ μέγιστον μὲν ὕψος ἔχει, καθ’ ὃ μέρος ἡ κλεψύδρα τὴν μεγίστην ἡμέραν ἐκμετρεῖ, βραχύτατον δὲ, καθ’ ὃ τὴν ἐλαχίστην· ἐν τῷ μέσῳ δ’ ἀμφοῖν ἐστιν, ὃ τῆς ἰσημερινῆς μέτρον σοι δηλώσει· τὸ δ’ ἐφεξῆς τὴν τετάρτην ἐπεξιὼν, κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον πάσας τὰς ἐνιαυτοῦ μετρήσεις· τὸ δὲ μεταξὺ μέχρι τῶν ἰσημερινῶν τμημάτων ἐπὶ τοῦ χείλους τῆς κλεψύδρας δηλοῖ σοι τὰς εἰρημένας τέτταρας ἡμέρας· ἀφ’ ὧν τμημάτων ὁρμηθήσομαι ἐφεξῆς τῷ σημαίνοντι τὴν μεγίστην εὑρήσειν, δηλονότι ἄχρι τίνος μέρους τῆς ὑψηλῆς γραμμῆς ἐπὶ τῇ κλεψύδρᾳ τὸ ὕδωρ ἀναβήσεται τῆς δωδεκάτης ὥρας συμπληρουμένης· τὰ δὲ μετ’ ἐκεῖνα πάλιν τρίτα ἀπὸ τῆς δωδεκάτης τροπῆς εὑρήσεις μετροῦσαν τὴν μίαν ἐκείνην ἐν τῇ κλεψύδρᾳ γραμμὴν, ἣν ὑψηλοτάτην ἔφην εἶναι· καὶ μέντοι καὶ τὰς ἄλλας γραμμὰς, ὅσαι τῆς ὑψηλοτάτης εἰσὶν εὐτελέστεραι, ἄλλας ὥρας ἐκμετρούσας εὑρήσεις· τὴν τετάρτην μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς δωδεκάτης· ἐν ἅπασι τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ ταῖς ἡμέραις τὴν ἑνδεκάτην ὥραν σημαίνουσιν ἐν διαφέρουσιν αὐτῆς μέρεσιν, ὡς ἐπὶ τῆς ὑψηλοτάτης προείρηται· τὴν δ’ ἐφεξῆς πέμπτην ἢ ἕκτην ὥραν δηλοῦσαν ὡσαύτως κατὰ διαφέροντα μέρη, καὶ τὴν ἐφεξῆς γε πάλιν ἑβδόμην, ἣ ὀγδόην, ἢ ἐννάτην τε καὶ τὰς ἄλλας ἄχρι τῆς κατωτάτης γραμμῆς τὴν ὥραν πρώτην εὑρίσκειν ἐπὶ τῶν ἡλιακῶν ὡρολογίων, φαίνεταί σοι πεπληρωμένου τοῦ κατὰ τὴν κλεψύδραν ὕδατος, ὥσπερ γε ἡ τετάρτη καὶ αἱ λοιπαὶ μέχρι τῆς δωδεκάτης ἀλλήλαις μὲν ἴσαι καθ’ ἑκάστην ἡμέραν ἡντιναοῦν φαίνονται, ταῖς δὲ ἄλλαις ἄνισοι ταῖς προγεγενημέναις τε καὶ μελλούσαις.
For the uppermost line indicating the twelfth hour has its greatest height at that part where the clepsydra measures the longest day, and its shortest where it measures the shortest; and between both is that which will show you the measure of the equinox; and that which follows, proceeding to the fourth, in the same manner perform all the measurements of the year; and the space between up to the equinoctial divisions on the rim of the clepsydra shows you the aforementioned four days; starting from which divisions I shall proceed to find successively, for the one indicating the longest day, namely up to what part of the high line on the clepsydra the water will rise when the twelfth hour is completed; and those after that, again the third from the twelfth solstice, you will find measuring that single line in the clepsydra, which I said was the highest; and indeed you will also find the other lines, as many as are lower than the highest, measuring other hours; the fourth indeed from the twelfth; on all the days of the year they indicate the eleventh hour in different parts of it, just as was said before concerning the highest line; and the next one indicating the fifth or sixth hour likewise in different parts, and the next one again, the seventh, or eighth, or ninth, and the others down to the lowest line, to find the first hour as on the sundials, appears to you when the water in the clepsydra is filled, just as indeed the fourth and the rest up to the twelfth appear equal to one another on any given day, but unequal to the other days that have passed and are to come.
εἶτα τὴν τοιαύτην μέθοδον εὑρίσκων οὐκ ἐπεθύμησας, ὦ οὗτος, τί ποτ’ ἐστὶν, οὐκ ᾔσθου τῆς ἐν σαυτῷ δοξοσοφίας, ἀμαθὴς ὅστις ὢν τούτων τῶν προβλημάτων, οὐκ ἂν εὕροις ἐνιαυτῷ, βέλτιον δὲ εἰπεῖν, ὅλῳ τῷ βίῳ;
Then, finding such a method, did you not desire, O you, to know what on earth it is, did you not perceive the conceit of wisdom in yourself, who, being ignorant of these problems, would not find them in a year, or rather to speak better, in a whole lifetime?
οὐδὲ γὰρ εὗρεν αὐτὰ βίος ἀνδρὸς ἑνὸς, ἀλλὰ κατὰ σμικρὸν προῆλθεν ἡ γραμμικὴ θεωρία· πρῶτον μὲν τῶν στοιχειωδῶν ἐν αὐτῇ θεωρημάτων ζητηθέντων αὐτῷ, ἐπεὶ δὲ εὑρέθη ταῦτα, προσθέντων αὐτῶν αὐτοῖς τῶν ἐφεξῆς γενομένων ἀνδρῶν τὴν θαυμασιωτάτην θεωρίαν, ἣν ἀναλυτικὴν ἔφην ὀνομάζεσθαι, καὶ γυμνασάντων ἐν αὐτῇ ἑαυτούς τε καὶ τοὺς βουληθέντας ἐπὶ πλεῖστον· ἐν αὐτῇ καίτοι μηδὲν ἔχουσι δεῖξαι χειρούργημα τοιοῦτον, οἷα μέχρι δεῦρο διῆλθον ἐπί τε τῶν ἡλιακῶν ὡρολογίων καὶ κλεψυδρῶν.
For indeed, the lifetime of a single man did not find them, but geometrical theory progressed little by little; first when its elementary theorems were sought by him, and when these were found, as the men who came next added to them that most wonderful theory, which I said is called analytical, and trained in it both themselves and those who wished to the greatest degree; though in it they had no such handicraft to show, of the kind I have described up to this point regarding sundials and clepsydras.
ἀλλ’ οὐκ ἦσαν οὔτε προπετεῖς οὔτ’ ἀλαζόνες οἱ τὰ τοιαῦτα ζητήσαντες ὁμοίως τοῖς ἐπαγγελλομένοις σοφίαν ἢ ζητεῖν, ἢ εὑρηκέναι, τιμήσαντες δ’ ἑαυτοὺς τὴν ἀληθεστάτην τιμὴν ὠρέχθησαν, ἣν εἶχον ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ δύναμιν ἀρίστην, ταύτην ἀσκῆσαί τε καὶ εἰς τέλος ἀγαγεῖν.
But those who sought such things were neither rash nor boastful like those who profess either to seek or to have found wisdom, but having honored themselves with the truest honor, they yearned to exercise and bring to completion this best power which they had in their soul.
εὔδηλον δ’, ὅτι τὴν λογικὴν λέγω, ἧς γυμναζομένης τε καὶ τὴν οἰκείαν εὐεξίαν λαμβανούσης, εὐφραίνονται μειζόνως ἢ ταῖς διὰ τοῦ σώματος ἡδοναῖς δουλεύοντες.
And it is quite clear that I mean the rational power, when this is exercised and receives its own proper well-being, they rejoice more greatly than those who are enslaved to the pleasures through the body.
οὐδὲ γὰρ διαφερόμεθα ἄλλῃ τινὶ δυνάμει τράγων καὶ σκωλήκων, ὑῶν τε καὶ προβάτων καὶ ὄνων· οὐδ’ ἄλλη τις θεωρία μειζόνως εὐφραίνει ψυχὴν ἀνδρὸς εὐφυοῦς τῆς ἀναλυτικῆς, ὅταν γέ τις ἐν αὐτῇ προέλθῃ· κατ’ ἀρχὰς μὲν γὰρ ἐπίπονός ἐστιν, ὥσπερ καὶ αἱ ἄλλαι σχεδὸν ἅπασαι.
For indeed we do not differ by any other power from goats and worms, pigs and sheep and asses; nor does any other contemplation rejoice the soul of a gifted man more than the analytical, whenever someone makes progress in it; for at the beginning it is laborious, just like almost all the others.
καίτοι κᾂν εἰ μηδεμίαν εὐφροσύνην εἶχεν, δι’ αὐτό γε τὸ μέλλειν αὐτῇ χρῆσθαι πρὸς τὰ μέγιστα καλῶς εἶχεν ἀσκηθῆναι κατ’ αὐτὴν, ἐξαίρετον ἔχουσαν, ὡς ἔφην, τὸ μαρτυρῆσαι πρὸς αὐτῶν τῶν εἰρημένων εὐφραντὸν, ὅπερ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐν τοῖς κατὰ φιλοσοφίαν εὑρισκομένοις.
And yet, even if it had no joy, for the very sake of being about to use it for the greatest things, it was well for one to be exercised in it, having as a special characteristic, as I said, that the fact of its being joy-bringing is witnessed by the very things mentioned, which is not the case in the things found in philosophy.
καὶ διὰ τοῦτο τοῖς προπετῶς ἐν αὐτῇ φλυαροῦσιν ἔξεστιν ἀναισχυντεῖν· οὐ γὰρ, ὥσπερ ὁ κακῶς καταγράψας ὡρολόγιον ἢ κλεψύδραν ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ τοῦ πράγματος ἐλέγχεται προφανῶς, οὕτω καὶ τοῖς ἐν φιλοσοφίᾳ θεωρήμασιν ἐναργής ἐστιν ὁ ἔλεγχος, ἀλλ’ ἔξεστι λέγειν, ὥσπερ ἂν ἐθέλῃ τις, ὅταν γε ἅπαξ ἀναίσχυντος ἄνευ τῆς λογικῆς μεθόδου ὑπ’ αὐτῶν τῶν πραγμάτων διδάσκεσθαι λέγῃ.
And because of this, it is possible for those who rashly babble in philosophy to be shameless; for not, as he who has badly constructed a sundial or a clepsydra is clearly refuted by the object itself, is the refutation so clear for the theorems in philosophy, but it is possible for one to speak as one wishes, whenever once a shameless person says that he is taught by the objects themselves without the rational method.
ἀλλ’ εἰ μὲν ἐκείνοις μόνοις διελέχθη τὰ πράγματα λαβόντα φωνὴν, εὐλόγως ἀλαζονεύονται, σιγώντων δ’ αὐτῶν ἀεὶ, καὶ μήθ’ ἡμῖν μήτ’ ἐκείνοις διαλεγομένων, εὔδηλον ὅτι μόνος ὁ ἐν ἡμῖν λόγος εὑρήσει τὴν τῶν πραγμάτων φύσιν.
But if the objects spoke to them alone, having taken a voice, they would reasonably boast; but since they are always silent, and speak neither to us nor to them, it is clear that only the reason within us will find the nature of things.
ἐπιδειξάσθω τοίνυν πρότερον εὑρίσκειν αὐτὰ δυνάμενος ἐν πράγμασιν ἐναργῶς αὐτὸ μαρτυροῦσιν, εἰπάτω τε μέθοδον ἡμῖν, ᾗ πᾶν ἀναλυτικῶς ὑποπίπτει πρόβλημα, καὶ δειξάσθω προκρίνας τὰς ὁμοιότητας τῶν ἀληθῶν τε καὶ ψευδῶν λόγων, οὗ δυνατὸν φωρᾶσαι τὴν κακίαν, οὐκ ἂν ἔτι πιστὸς ἐπὶ τῶν ἀδήλων εἴη.
Let him therefore first demonstrate that he is able to find them in things that clearly witness it, and let him state a method to us by which every problem falls under analysis, and let him show, having distinguished the similarities of true and false arguments, where it is possible to detect the fault, otherwise he would no longer be trustworthy concerning unseen things.