§5.1κἀκεῖνό γε μὴν εἰδέναι ἱππικοῦ ἀνδρός, ἐκ πόσου ἂν ἵππος πεζὸν ἕλοι καὶ ἐξ ὁπόσου βραδεῖς ἵπποι ταχεῖς ἂν ἀποφύγοιεν.
And indeed, it is also the part of a horseman to know from how great a distance a horse can overtake a foot soldier, and from how great a distance slow horses can escape fast ones.
ἱππαρχικὸν δὲ καὶ χωρία γιγνώσκειν ἔνθα πεζοὶ κρείττους ἱππέων καὶ ἔνθα πεζῶν κρείττους ἱππῆς.
And it belongs to a cavalry commander to know the terrains where infantry is superior to cavalry, and where cavalry is superior to infantry.
§5.2χρὴ δὲ μηχανητικὸν εἶναι καὶ τοῦ πολλοὺς μὲν φαίνεσθαι τοὺς ὀλίγους ἱππέας, πάλιν δʼ ὀλίγους τοὺς πολλούς, καὶ τοῦ δοκεῖν παρόντα μὲν ἀπεῖναι, ἀπόντα δὲ παρεῖναι, καὶ τοῦ μὴ τὰ τῶν πολεμίων μόνον κλέπτειν ἐπίστασθαι, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς ἑαυτοῦ ἱππέας ἅμα κλέπτοντα ἐξ ἀπροσδοκήτου τοῖς πολεμίοις ἐπιτίθεσθαι.
And one must be inventive both in making a few cavalrymen appear many, and again many appear few, and in seeming to be absent when present, and present when absent, and in knowing not only how to steal the enemy's plans, but also, while concealing one's own cavalry, to attack the enemy unexpectedly.
§5.3ἀγαθὸν δὲ μηχάνημα καὶ τὸ δύνασθαι, ὅταν μὲν τὰ ἑαυτοῦ ἀσθενῶς ἔχῃ, φόβον παρασκευάζειν τοῖς πολεμίοις ὡς μὴ ἐπίθωνται, ὅταν δʼ ἐρρωμένως, θάρσος αὐτοῖς ἐμποιεῖν ὡς ἐγχειρῶσιν.
And it is a good device also to be able, when one's own affairs are weak, to produce fear in the enemy so that they do not attack, and when strong, to instill confidence in them so that they make an attempt.
οὕτω γὰρ αὐτὸς μὲν ἂν ἥκιστα κακῶς πάσχοις, τοὺς δὲ πολεμίους μάλιστʼ ἂν ἁμαρτάνοντας λαμβάνοις.
For in this way you would suffer the least harm yourself, and you would catch the enemy making the greatest mistakes.
§5.4ὅπως δὲ μὴ προστάττειν δοκῶ ἀδύνατα, γράψω καὶ ὡς ἂν γίγνοιτο τὰ δοκοῦντα αὐτῶν χαλεπώτατα εἶναι.
And lest I seem to command impossible things, I will write also how those of them which seem to be most difficult would come about.
τὸ μὲν τοίνυν μὴ σφάλλεσθαι ἐγχειροῦντα διώκειν ἢ ἀποχωρεῖν ἐμπειρία ποιεῖ ἵππων δυνάμεως.
Now, not to fail when attempting to pursue or to retreat is produced by experience in the power of horses.
πῶς δʼ ἂν ἐμπείρως ἔχοις;
And how could you have experience?
εἰ προσέχοις τὸν νοῦν ἐν ταῖς μετὰ φιλίας ἀνθιππασίαις οἷοι ἀποβαίνουσιν ἐκ τῶν διώξεων τε καὶ φυγῶν.
If you should pay attention in the mock cavalry battles with friends to how they turn out from pursuits and flights.
§5.5ὅταν μέντοι βούλῃ τοὺς ἱππέας πολλοὺς φαίνεσθαι, ἓν μὲν πρῶτον ὑπαρχέτω, ἤνπερ ἐγχωρῇ, μὴ ἐγγὺς τῶν πολεμίων ἐγχειρεῖν ἐξαπατᾶν·
However, whenever you wish the cavalry to appear many, let one thing first be established, if it is allowed, not to attempt to deceive near the enemy; for being far off is both safer and more deceptive.
καὶ γὰρ ἀσφαλέστερον τὸ πρόσω καὶ ἀπατητικώτερον. ἔπειτα δὲ χρὴ εἰδέναι ὅτι ἁθρόοι μὲν ἵπποι πολλοὶ φαίνονται διὰ τὸ μέγεθος τοῦ ζῴου, διασπειρόμενοι δʼ εὐαρίθμητοι γίγνονται.
Secondly, one must know that horses in a body appear many because of the size of the animal, but when dispersed they become easy to count.
§5.6ἔτι δʼ ἂν πλέον σοι τὸ ἱππικὸν τοῦ ὄντος φαίνοιτο, εἰ τοὺς ἱπποκόμους εἰς τοὺς ἱππέας ἐνισταίης μάλιστα μὲν δόρατα, εἰ δὲ μή, ὅμοια δόρασιν ἔχοντας, ἤν τε ἑστηκὸς ἐπιδεικνύῃς τὸ ἱππικὸν ἤν τε παράγῃς· ἀνάγκη γὰρ τὸν ὄγκον τῆς τάξεως οὕτω μείζω τε καὶ πυκνότερον φαίνεσθαι.
And your cavalry would appear even larger than it actually is, if you should place the grooms among the cavalrymen, holding spears by preference, or if not, things resembling spears, whether you display the cavalry standing or lead them along; for it is necessary that the bulk of the rank should thus appear larger and denser.
§5.7ἢν δʼ αὖ τοὺς πολλοὺς ὀλίγους βούλῃ δοκεῖν εἶναι, ἢν μέν σοι χωρία ὑπάρχῃ οἷα συγκρύπτειν, δῆλον ὅτι τοὺς μὲν ἐν τῷ φανερῷ ἔχων, τοὺς δʼ εἰς τὸ ἄδηλον ἀποκρύπτων κλέπτοις ἂν τοὺς ἱππέας·
If, on the other hand, you wish many to seem few, if you have terrains capable of concealing them, it is clear that by keeping some in the open and hiding others in the unseen, you would conceal your cavalry.
ἢν δὲ πᾶν καταφανὲς ᾖ τὸ χωρίον, δεκάδας χρὴ στοιχούσας ποιήσαντα διαλειπούσας παράγειν, καὶ τοὺς μὲν πρὸς τῶν πολεμίων ἱππέας ἑκάστης δεκάδος ὀρθὰ τὰ δόρατα ἔχειν, τοὺς δʼ ἄλλους ταπεινὰ καὶ μὴ ὑπερφανῆ.
But if the terrain is entirely visible, one must form the decads into files and lead them along at intervals, and make the cavalrymen of each decad who are toward the enemy hold their spears upright, and the others low and not showing above.
§5.8φοβεῖν γε μὴν τοὺς πολεμίους καὶ ψευδενέδρας οἷόν τε καὶ ψευδοβοηθείας καὶ ψευδαγγελίας ποιοῦντα.
Indeed, it is possible to terrify the enemy also by making false ambushes, false reliefs, and false reports.
θαρσοῦσι δὲ μάλιστα πολέμιοι, ὅταν ὄντα τοῖς ἐναντίοις πράγματα καὶ ἀσχολίας πυνθάνωνται.
And the enemy are most confident whenever they learn that their opponents are in trouble and occupied.
§5.9τούτων δὲ γεγραμμένων μηχανᾶσθαι αὐτὸν χρὴ πρὸς τὸ παρὸν ἀεὶ ἀπατᾶν· ὄντως γὰρ οὐδὲν κερδαλεώτερον ἀπάτης ἐν πολέμῳ.
These things having been written, one must himself always devise plans to deceive according to the present occasion; for in truth there is nothing more profitable in war than deception.
§5.10ὁπότε γὰρ καὶ οἱ παῖδες, ὅταν παίζωσι ποσίνδα, δύνανται ἀπατᾶν προΐσχοντες ὥστε ὀλίγους τʼ ἔχοντες πολλοὺς δοκεῖν ἔχειν καὶ πολλοὺς προέχοντες ὀλίγους φαίνεσθαι ἔχειν, πῶς οὐκ ἄνδρες γε τῷ ἐξαπατᾶν προσέχοντες τὸν νοῦν δύναιντʼ ἂν τοιαῦτα μηχανᾶσθαι;
For since even children, when they play the game 'posinda', are able to deceive by holding out their hands so as to seem to have many when they have few, and when holding out many to appear to have few, how should men, at any rate, if they pay attention to deceiving, not be able to devise such things?
§5.11καὶ ἐνθυμούμενος δʼ ἂν τὰ ἐν τοῖς πολέμοις πλεονεκτήματα εὕροι ἄν τις τὰ πλεῖστα καὶ μέγιστα σὺν ἀπάτῃ γεγενημένα.
And if one reflects on the advantages gained in wars, one would find that the most and greatest of them have been achieved with deception.
ὧν ἕνεκα ἢ οὐκ ἐγχειρητέον ἄρχειν ἢ τοῦτο σὺν τῇ ἄλλῃ παρασκευῇ καὶ παρὰ θεῶν αἰτητέον δύνασθαι ποιεῖν καὶ αὐτῷ μηχανητέον.
For the sake of which, either one must not attempt to command, or one must, along with other preparation, both ask the gods for the ability to do this and devise it oneself.
§5.12οἷς δὲ θάλαττα πρόσεστιν, ἀπατητικὸν καὶ τὸ πλοῖα παρασκευαζόμενον πεζῇ τι πρᾶξαι καὶ τὸ πεζῇ προσποιούμενον ἐπιβουλεύειν κατὰ θάλατταν ἐπιχειρῆσαι.
And for those who have the sea nearby, it is also deceptive both to prepare ships and do something by land, and while pretending to plot by land, to attempt an attack by sea.
§5.13ἱππαρχικὸν δὲ καὶ τὸ διδάσκειν τὴν πόλιν ὡς ἀσθενὲς τὸ πεζῶν ἔρημον ἱππικὸν πρὸς τὸ ἁμίππους πεζοὺς ἔχον.
And it belongs to a cavalry commander to teach the city how weak a cavalry destitute of infantry is compared to one having foot soldiers who run alongside the horses.
ἱππαρχικὸν δὲ καὶ τὸ λαβόντα πεζοὺς αὐτοῖς χρῆσθαι· ἔστι δὲ πεζοὺς οὐ μόνον ἐντὸς ἀλλὰ καὶ ὄπισθεν ἱππέων ἀποκρύψασθαι· πολὺ γὰρ μείζων ὁ ἱππεὺς τοῦ πεζοῦ.
And it belongs to a cavalry commander to take foot soldiers and use them; and it is possible to hide foot soldiers not only within but also behind the cavalrymen; for the horseman is much larger than the foot soldier.
§5.14ταῦτα δὲ πάντα ἐγὼ καὶ ὅσα πρὸς τούτοις τις μηχανήσεται ἢ βίᾳ ἢ τέχνῃ αἱρεῖν τοὺς ἐναντίους βουλόμενος σὺν τῷ θεῷ πράττειν συμβουλεύω, ἵνα καὶ ἡ τύχη συνεπαινῇ θεῶν ἵλεων ὄντων.
And all these things, and whatever besides these anyone shall devise wishing to capture the opponents either by force or by art, I advise to do with the help of god, so that fortune also may favor us, the gods being propitious.
§5.15ἔστι δʼ ὅτε πάνυ ἀπατητικὸν καὶ τὸ λίαν φυλακτικὸν προσποιήσασθαι εἶναι καὶ μηδαμῶς φιλοκίνδυνον· τοῦτο γὰρ τοὺς πολεμίους πολλάκις προάγεται ἀφυλακτοῦντας μᾶλλον ἁμαρτάνειν.
And sometimes it is also highly deceptive to pretend to be exceedingly cautious and in no way fond of danger; for this often induces the enemy, by being off their guard, to make more mistakes.
ἢν δʼ ἅπαξ δόξῃ τις φιλοκίνδυνος εἶναι, ἔξεστι καὶ ἡσυχίαν ἔχοντα, προσποιούμενον δὲ πράξειν τι, πράγματα παρέχειν τοῖς πολεμίοις.
But if one is once thought to be fond of danger, it is possible even while keeping quiet, but pretending that he is going to do something, to cause trouble to the enemy.