§4.1ἔν γε μὴν ταῖς πορείαις ἀεὶ δεῖ τὸν ἵππαρχον προνοεῖν ὅπως ἀναπαύῃ μὲν τῶν ἵππων τὰς ἕδρας, ἀναπαύῃ δὲ τοὺς ἱππέας τῷ βαδίζειν, μέτριον μὲν ὀχοῦντα, μέτριον δὲ πεζοποροῦντα.
Furthermore, on marches, the hipparch must always take care to rest the backs of the horses, and to rest the riders by making them walk, mounting them in moderation and making them march on foot in moderation.
τοῦ δὲ μετρίου ἐννοῶν οὐκ ἂν ἁμαρτάνοις· αὐτὸς γὰρ μέτρον ἕκαστος τοῦ μὴ λαθεῖν ὑπερπονοῦντας.
If you keep moderation in mind, you would not go wrong; for you yourself are the measure for each, so that they may not escape your notice when they are over-fatigued.
§4.2ὅταν μέντοι ἀδήλου ὄντος εἰ πολεμίοις ἐντεύξῃ πορεύῃ ποι, κατὰ μέρος χρὴ τὰς φυλὰς ἀναπαύειν.
However, when you march somewhere while it is uncertain whether you will encounter the enemy, you must rest the tribes in turn.
χαλεπὸν γὰρ εἰ πᾶσι καταβεβηκόσι πλησιάσειαν οἱ πολέμιοι.
For it would be a difficult thing if the enemy should approach when all have dismounted.
§4.3καὶ ἢν μέν γε διὰ στενῶν ὁδῶν ἐλαύνῃς, ἀπὸ παραγγέλσεως εἰς κέρας ἡγητέον· ἢν δὲ πλατείαις ἐπιτυγχάνῃς ὁδοῖς, ἀπὸ παραγγέλσεως αὖ πλατυντέον τῆς φυλῆς ἑκάστης τὸ μέτωπον· ὅταν γε μὴν εἰς πεδίον ἀφικνῆσθε, ἐπὶ φάλαγγος πάσας τὰς φυλὰς ἀκτέον.
And if indeed you ride through narrow roads, you must lead in column by word of command; but if you come upon broad roads, you must in turn widen the front of each tribe by word of command; and when you arrive at a plain, you must lead all the tribes in phalanx line.
ἀγαθὸν γὰρ καὶ μελέτης ἕνεκα ταῦτα ποιεῖν καὶ τοῦ ἥδιον διαπερᾶν τὰς ὁδοὺς ποικίλλοντας ἱππικαῖς τάξεσι τὰς πορείας.
For it is good to do these things both for the sake of practice and for passing through the roads more pleasantly by varying the marches with cavalry formations.
§4.4ὅταν μέντοι ἔξω τῶν ὁδῶν διὰ δυσχωριῶν ἐλαύνητε, μάλα χρήσιμον καὶ ἐν πολεμίᾳ καὶ ἐν φιλίᾳ προελαύνειν τῆς φυλῆς ἑκάστης τῶν ὑπηρετῶν οἵτινες, ἢν ἀπόροις νάπαις ἐντυγχάνωσι, παριόντες ἐπὶ τὰ εὔπορα δηλώσουσι τοῖς ἱππεῦσιν ᾗ χρὴ τὴν ἔλασιν ποιεῖσθαι, ὡς μὴ ὅλαι αἱ τάξεις πλανῶνται.
However, when you ride off the roads through difficult ground, it is very useful, both in hostile and in friendly territory, for those of the attendants of each tribe to ride ahead, who, if they encounter impassable ravines, will go ahead to the passable parts and show the horsemen where they must make their passage, so that the whole squadrons may not lose their way.
§4.5ἢν δὲ διʼ ἐπικινδύνων ἐλαύνητέ που, φρονίμου ἱππάρχου τὸ τῶν προόδων ἄλλους προόδους διερευνωμένους προηγεῖσθαι (τὸ γὰρ ὡς ἐκ πλείστου προαισθάνεσθαι πολεμίων χρήσιμον καὶ πρὸς τὸ ἐπιθέσθαι καὶ πρὸς τὸ φυλάξασθαι), καὶ τὸ ἀναμένειν δὲ ἐπὶ ταῖς διαβάσεσιν, ὡς μὴ κατακόπτωσι τοὺς ἵππους οἱ τελευταῖοι τὸν ἡγεμόνα διώκοντες.
And if you ride anywhere through dangerous places, it belongs to a prudent hipparch to have other scouts go ahead of the scouts to reconnoiter (for to perceive the enemy beforehand from as far off as possible is useful both for attacking and for guarding against them), and also to wait at crossings, so that the last men may not exhaust their horses in pursuing the leader.
ἴσασι μὲν οὖν ταῦτα σχεδὸν ἅπαντες, καρτερεῖν δʼ ἐπιμελούμενοι οὐ πολλοὶ ἐθέλουσι.
Now almost everyone indeed knows these things, but not many are willing to persist in taking care of them.
§4.6προσήκει δὲ ἱππάρχῳ ἔτι ἐν εἰρήνῃ ἐπιμελεῖσθαι ὅπως ἐμπείρως ἕξει τῆς τε πολεμίας καὶ τῆς φιλίας χώρας· ἢν δʼ ἄρα αὐτὸς ἀπείρως ἔχῃ, τῶν ἄλλων γε δὴ τοὺς ἐπιστημονεστάτους ἑκάστων τόπων παραλαμβάνειν.
It is proper for a hipparch, while still in peace, to take care that he will be experienced in both hostile and friendly country; but if, after all, he himself is inexperienced, he should at least take along those of the others who are most knowledgeable about each place.
πολὺ γὰρ διαφέρει ἡγούμενος ὁ εἰδὼς τὰς ὁδοὺς τοῦ μὴ εἰδότος, καὶ ἐπιβουλεύων δὲ πολεμίοις ὁ εἰδὼς τοὺς τόπους τοῦ μὴ εἰδότος πολὺ διαφέρει.
For a leader who knows the roads differs greatly from one who does not, and in plotting against the enemy, one who knows the places differs greatly from one who does not.
§4.7καὶ κατασκόπων δὲ πρὶν πόλεμον εἶναι δεῖ μεμεληκέναι, ὅπως ἔσονται καὶ ἐκ πόλεων ἀμφοτέροις φιλίων καὶ ἐξ ἐμπόρων· πᾶσαι γὰρ αἱ πόλεις τοὺς εἰσάγοντάς τι ἀεὶ ὡς εὐμενεῖς δέχονται· καὶ ψευδαυτόμολοι δʼ ἔστιν ὅτε χρήσιμον.
And before there is war, he must have cared for scouts, so that they will be from cities friendly to both sides and from merchants; for all cities always receive those who import something as friendly; and double agents too are sometimes useful.
§4.8οὐ μέντοι τοῖς γε κατασκόποις δεῖ ποτε πιστεύοντα φυλακῆς ἀμελεῖν, ἀλλʼ ἀεὶ οὕτως κατεσκευάσθαι χρή, ὥσπερ ἢν ἥξοντες εἰσηγγελμένοι ὦσιν οἱ πολέμιοι.
However, one must never neglect guard duty because of trusting the scouts, but must always be prepared in such a way as if the enemy had been reported as coming.
καὶ γὰρ ἢν πάνυ πιστοὶ ὦσιν οἱ κατάσκοποι, χαλεπὸν ἐν καιρῷ ἀπαγγέλλειν· πολλὰ γὰρ ἐν πολέμῳ τὰ ἐμπόδια συμπίπτει.
For even if the scouts are very faithful, it is difficult to report in time; for many obstacles happen to coincide in war.
§4.9τάς γε μὴν ἐξαγωγὰς τοῦ ἱππικοῦ ἧττον ἂν οἱ πολέμιοι αἰσθάνοιντο, εἰ ἀπὸ παραγγέλσεως γίγνοιντο μᾶλλον ἢ εἰ ὑπὸ κήρυκος ἢ εἰ ἀπὸ προγραφῆς.
Furthermore, the enemy would be less likely to perceive the outings of the cavalry if they should take place by word of command rather than by a herald or by written notice.
ἀγαθὸν οὖν καὶ πρὸς τὸ διὰ παραγγέλσεως ἐξάγειν τὸ δεκαδάρχους καθιστάναι, καὶ ἐπὶ τοῖς δεκαδάρχοις πεμπαδάρχους, ἵνα ὡς ἐλαχίστοις ἕκαστος παραγγέλλῃ·
It is good, therefore, for the purpose of leading them out by word of command, to appoint decadarchs, and under the decadarchs, pempadarchs, so that each may give the command to as few as possible.