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Xenophon · Agesilaus §6.1-6.8

Agesilaus's Courage and Wisdom in War

Passage 12 of 18 · Greek

Summary

The text describes Agesilaus' military courage, tactical wisdom, and extraordinary caution and discipline during marches, summarizing how he was feared by his enemies and beloved by his friends.

§6.1ἀνδρείας γε μὴν οὐκ ἀφανῆ τεκμήριά μοι δοκεῖ παρασχέσθαι ὑφιστάμενος μὲν ἀεὶ πολεμεῖν πρὸς τοὺς ἰσχυροτάτους τῶν ἐχθρῶν τῇ τε πόλει καὶ τῇ Ἑλλάδι, ἐν δὲ τοῖς πρὸς τούτους ἀγῶσι πρῶτον ἑαυτὸν τάττων.
As for his courage indeed, he seems to me to have provided no obscure proofs, by always undertaking to wage war against the strongest of the enemies both to the state and to Greece, and by positioning himself first in the struggles against them.
§6.2ἔνθα γε μὴν ἠθέλησαν αὐτῷ οἱ πολέμιοι μάχην συνάψαι, οὐ φόβῳ τρεψάμενος νίκης ἔτυχεν, ἀλλὰ μάχῃ ἀντιτύπῳ κρατήσας τρόπαιον ἐστήσατο, ἀθάνατα μὲν τῆς ἑαυτοῦ ἀρετῆς μνημεῖα καταλιπών, σαφῆ δὲ καὶ αὐτὸς σημεῖα ἀπενεγκάμενος τοῦ θυμῷ μάχεσθαι· ὥστʼ οὐκ ἀκούοντας ἀλλʼ ὁρῶντας ἐξῆν αὐτοῦ τὴν ψυχὴν δοκιμάζειν.
Indeed, where the enemies wished to join battle with him, he did not achieve victory by putting them to flight through fear, but having conquered them in a hard-fought battle, he set up a trophy, leaving behind immortal monuments of his own virtue, and carrying away clear marks himself of fighting with spirit; so that it was possible for those not hearing but seeing to judge his courage.
§6.3τρόπαια μὴν Ἀγησιλάου οὐχ ὅσα ἐστήσατο ἀλλʼ ὅσα ἐστρατεύσατο δίκαιον νομίζειν.
Indeed, it is just to consider the trophies of Agesilaus to be not only those which he set up, but as many as the campaigns he made.
μεῖον μὲν γὰρ οὐδὲν ἐκράτει ὅτε οὐκ ἤθελον αὐτῷ οἱ πολέμιοι μάχεσθαι, ἀκινδυνότερον δὲ καὶ συμφορώτερον τῇ τε πόλει καὶ τοῖς συμμάχοις· καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἀγῶσι δὲ οὐδὲν ἧττον τοὺς ἀκονιτὶ ἢ τοὺς διὰ μάχης νικῶντας στεφανοῦσι.
For he conquered no less when the enemies did not wish to fight with him, and that was less dangerous and more advantageous both for the state and for the allies; and in athletic contests too, they crown those who win without a struggle no less than those who win through a fight.
§6.4τήν γε μὴν σοφίαν αὐτοῦ ποῖαι τῶν ἐκείνου πράξεων οὐκ ἐπιδεικνύουσιν;
Indeed, what kind of his actions do not display his wisdom?
ὃς τῇ μὲν πατρίδι οὕτως ἐχρῆτο ὥστε μάλιστα πειθόμενος τοῖς δʼ ἑταίροις πρόθυμος ὢν ἀπροφασίστους τοὺς φίλους ἐκέκτητο· τοὺς δέ γε στρατιώτας ἅμα πειθομένους καὶ φιλοῦντας αὐτὸν παρεῖχε.
He who behaved towards his fatherland in such a way as to be most obedient to it, and by being zealous towards his companions, possessed his friends as uncomplaining; and he rendered his soldiers at once obedient to him and loving him.
καίτοι πῶς ἂν ἰσχυροτέρα γένοιτο φάλαγξ ἢ διὰ τὸ μὲν πείθεσθαι εὔτακτος οὖσα, διὰ δὲ τὸ φιλεῖν τὸν ἄρχοντα πιστῶς παροῦσα;
And yet, how could a phalanx become stronger than by being well-ordered because of its obedience, and faithfully standing by its leader because of its love?
§6.5τούς γε μὴν πολεμίους εἶχε ψέγειν μὲν οὐ δυναμένους, μισεῖν δὲ ἀναγκαζομένους.
Indeed, he kept his enemies unable to blame him, but compelled to hate him.
τοὺς γὰρ συμμάχους ἀεὶ πλέον ἔχειν αὐτῶν ἐμηχανᾶτο, ἐξαπατῶν μὲν ὅπου καιρὸς εἴη, φθάνων δὲ ὅπου τάχους δέοι, λήθων δὲ ὅπου τοῦτο συμφέροι, πάντα δὲ τἀναντία πρὸς τοὺς πολεμίους ἢ πρὸς τοὺς φίλους ἐπιτηδεύων.
For he always contrived that his allies should have the advantage over them, deceiving indeed where there was opportunity, anticipating where speed was needed, escaping notice where this was advantageous, and practicing towards his enemies everything contrary to what he did towards his friends.
§6.6καὶ γὰρ νυκτὶ μὲν ὅσαπερ ἡμέρᾳ ἐχρῆτο, ἡμέρᾳ δὲ ὅσαπερ νυκτί, πολλάκις ἄδηλος γιγνόμενος ὅπου τε εἴη καὶ ὅποι ἴοι καὶ ὅ τι ποιήσοι.
For indeed, he used the night for just as many things as the day, and the day for just as many things as the night, often making it unclear where he was, where he was going, and what he would do.
ὥστε καὶ τὰ ἐχυρὰ ἀνώχυρα τοῖς ἐχθροῖς καθίστη, τὰ μὲν παριών, τὰ δὲ ὑπερβαίνων, τὰ δὲ κλέπτων.
So that he made even strongholds unsafe for the enemies, bypassing some, scaling others, and taking others by stealth.
§6.7ὁπότε γε μὴν πορεύοιτο εἰδὼς ὅτι ἐξείη τοῖς πολεμίοις μάχεσθαι, εἰ βούλοιντο, συντεταγμένον μὲν οὕτως ἦγε τὸ στράτευμα ὡς ἂν ἐπικουρεῖν μάλιστα ἑαυτῷ δύναιτο, ἡσύχως δʼ ὥσπερ ἂν παρθένος ἡ σωφρονεστάτη προβαίνοι, νομίζων ἐν τῷ τοιούτῳ τὸ ἀτρεμὲς καὶ ἀνεκπληκτότατον καὶ ἀθορυβητότατον καὶ ἀναμαρτητότατον καὶ δυσεπιβουλευτότατον εἶναι.
Indeed, whenever he marched, knowing that it was possible for the enemies to fight if they wished, he led the army so drawn up as to be best able to help itself, and would advance as quietly as the most modest maiden, believing that in such a manner lay calmness, the greatest freedom from panic, the least confusion, the fewest errors, and the greatest difficulty for plots.
§6.8τοιγαροῦν τοιαῦτα ποιῶν τοῖς μὲν πολεμίοις δεινὸς ἦν, τοῖς δὲ φίλοις θάρρος καὶ ῥώμην ἐνεποίει.
Therefore, by doing such things, he was formidable to his enemies, but instilled courage and strength in his friends.
ὥστε ἀκαταφρόνητος μὲν ὑπὸ τῶν ἐχθρῶν διετέλεσεν, ἀζήμιος δʼ ὑπὸ τῶν πολιτῶν, ἄμεμπτος δʼ ὑπὸ τῶν φίλων, πολυεραστότατος δὲ καὶ πολυεπαινετώτατος ὑπὸ πάντων ἀνθρώπων.
Consequently, he continued to be not-despised by his enemies, unharmed by his fellow citizens, unblamed by his friends, and most beloved and most praised by all men.

Notes

  1. §6.1τῇ τε πόλει καὶ τῇ Ἑλλάδι — Dative of relation or reference depending on ἰσχυροτάτους τῶν ἐχθρῶν (the strongest of the enemies), meaning 'the strongest of the enemies to (or in relation to) both the city and Greece'.
  2. §6.2τοῦ θυμῷ μάχεσθαι — Genitive of the articular infinitive modifying the preceding σαφῆ ... σημεῖα (clear signs/marks). θυμῷ is a dative of manner or means, meaning 'fighting with passion/spirit'.
  3. §6.3οὐχ ὅσα ἐστήσατο ἀλλʼ ὅσα ἐστρατεύσατο — Contrastive expression using the relative pronoun ὅσα (as many as). These clauses function as the objects of the accusative-and-infinitive construction dependent on δίκαιον νομίζειν (it is just to consider), asserting that the number of his campaigns themselves should be counted as his trophies.
  4. §6.4ὥστε μάλιστα πειθόμενος — Although ὥστε clauses usually take an infinitive or indicative to express result, here the participle πειθόμενος (obeying), agreeing with the subject of the main clause, is used. This is an irregular construction describing the state of the subject resulting from the action.
  5. §6.7ὥσπερ ἂν παρθένος ἡ σωφρονεστάτη προβαίνοι — A comparative clause using the potential optative (ἄν with the optative προβαίνοι). It corresponds to the iterative/general context set by the preceding optative in the temporal clause (ὁπότε ... πορεύοιτο), adding a hypothetical or analogous nuance: 'just as the most modest maiden would advance'.

Cite this passage

Xenophon, Agesilaus §6.1-6.8. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0032.tlg009.humanitext-grc2:6.1-6.8

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