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Hesiod · Theogony §295-368

Monsters of Echidna and Offspring of Oceanus

Passage 5 of 14 · Greek

Summary

Echidna, a monster born of Ceto, couples with Typhaon to produce Orthus, Cerberus, the Hydra, and the Chimera; further beasts like Phix (the Sphinx), the Nemean Lion, and the dragon guarding the golden apples are born. Subsequently, the countless River-gods and the Oceanid nymphs, daughters of Tethys and Oceanus who nurture youth, are cataloged.

§295ἣ δʼ ἔτεκʼ ἄλλο πέλωρον ἀμήχανον, οὐδὲν ἐοικὸς §296θνητοῖς ἀνθρώποις οὐδʼ ἀθανάτοισι θεοῖσιν, §297σπῆι ἔνι γλαφυρῷ θείην κρατερόφρονʼ Ἔχιδναν, §298ἥμισυ μὲν νύμφην ἑλικώπιδα καλλιπάρῃον, §299ἥμισυ δʼ αὖτε πέλωρον ὄφιν δεινόν τε μέγαν τε §300αἰόλον ὠμηστὴν ζαθέης ὑπὸ κεύθεσι γαίης.
She bore another monster, huge and hard to deal with, in no way like mortal men or immortal gods, in a hollow cave, the divine, strong-minded Echidna; half of her is a fair-cheeked nymph with glancing eyes, and half again a huge snake, terrible and great, speckled, eating raw flesh, beneath the secret places of the holy earth.
§301ἔνθα δέ οἱ σπέος ἐστὶ κάτω κοίλῃ ὑπὸ πέτρῃ §302τηλοῦ ἀπʼ ἀθανάτων τε θεῶν θνητῶν τʼ ἀνθρώπων· §303ἔνθʼ ἄρα οἱ δάσσαντο θεοὶ κλυτὰ δώματα ναίειν.
And there she has a cave down under a hollow rock, far from both immortal gods and mortal men; there indeed the gods appointed her to dwell in a glorious house.
§304ἣ δʼ ἔρυτʼ εἰν Ἀρίμοισιν ὑπὸ χθονὶ λυγρὴ Ἔχιδνα, §305ἀθάνατος νύμφη καὶ ἀγήραος ἤματα πάντα.
And she was kept under the earth in Arima, the terrible Echidna, an immortal nymph and ageless for all days.
§306τῇ δὲ Τυφάονά φασι μιγήμεναι ἐν φιλότητι §307δεινόν θʼ ὑβριστήν τʼ ἄνομόν θʼ ἑλικώπιδι κούρῃ· §308ἣ δʼ ὑποκυσαμένη τέκετο κρατερόφρονα τέκνα.
And they say that Typhaon mingled with her in love, the terrible, lawless, and outrageous god, with the glancing-eyed maiden; and she, becoming pregnant, bore strong-minded children.
§309Ὄρθον μὲν πρῶτον κύνα γείνατο Γηρυονῆι· §310δεύτερον αὖτις ἔτικτεν ἀμήχανον, οὔ τι φατειὸν §311Κέρβερον ὠμηστήν, Ἀίδεω κύνα χαλκεόφωνον, §312πεντηκοντακέφαλον, ἀναιδέα τε κρατερόν τε· §313τὸ τρίτον Ὕδρην αὖτις ἐγείνατο λυγρὰ ἰδυῖαν §314Λερναίην, ἣν θρέψε θεὰ λευκώλενος Ἥρη §315ἄπλητον κοτέουσα βίῃ Ἡρακληείῃ.
First she bore Orthus, a dog for Geryon; and second again she bore a monster, not to be named or spoken of, the raw-flesh-eating Cerberus, the bronze-voiced dog of Hades, fifty-headed, shameless and strong; and third again she bore the Lernaean Hydra, skilled in evil deeds, whom the white-armed goddess Hera nurtured, being insatiably angry with the might of Heracles.
§316καὶ τὴν μὲν Διὸς υἱὸς ἐνήρατο νηλέι χαλκῷ §317Ἀμφιτρυωνιάδης σὺν ἀρηιφίλῳ Ἰολάῳ §318Ηρακλέης βουλῇσιν Ἀθηναίης ἀγελείης.
And her the son of Zeus slew with the pitiless bronze, the son of Amphitryon, with war-loving Iolaus, Heracles, by the counsels of Athena, driver of spoil.
§319ἣ δὲ Χίμαιραν ἔτικτε πνέουσαν ἀμαιμάκετον πῦρ, §320δεινήν τε μεγάλην τε ποδώκεά τε κρατερήν τε· §321τῆς δʼ ἦν τρεῖς κεφαλαί· μία μὲν χαροποῖο λέοντος, §322ἣ δὲ χιμαίρης, ἣ δʼ ὄφιος, κρατεροῖο δράκοντος, §325τὴν μὲν Πήγασος εἷλε καὶ ἐσθλὸς Βελλεροφόντης.
And she bore Chimera, who breathed unquenchable fire, terrible and great, swift-footed and strong; she had three heads: one of a grim-eyed lion, another of a goat, and another of a snake, a strong dragon, her Pegasus and noble Bellerophon slew.
§326ἣ δʼ ἄρα Φῖκʼ ὀλοὴν τέκε Καδμείοισιν ὄλεθρον §327Ὅρθῳ ὑποδμηθεῖσα Νεμειαῖόν τε λέοντα, §328τόν ῥʼ Ἥρη θρέψασα Διὸς κυδρὴ παράκοιτις §329γουνοῖσιν κατένασσε Νεμείης, πῆμʼ ἀνθρώποις.
And she indeed bore Phix, the deadly ruin for the Cadmeans, being subdued by Orthus, and the Nemean lion, whom indeed Hera, the glorious wife of Zeus, nurtured and settled in the hills of Nemea, a plague to men.
§330ἔνθʼ ἄρʼ ὃ οἰκείων ἐλεφαίρετο φῦλʼ ἀνθρώπων, §331κοιρανέων Τρητοῖο Νεμείης ἠδʼ Ἀπέσαντος· §332ἀλλά ἑ ἲς ἐδάμασσε βίης Ἡρακληείης.
There indeed he lived and ravaged the tribes of men, ruling over Tretus of Nemea and Apesas; but the strength of the might of Heracles subdued him.
§333Κητὼ δʼ ὁπλότατον Φόρκυι φιλότητι μιγεῖσα §334γείνατο δεινὸν ὄφιν, ὃς ἐρεμνῆς κεύθεσι γαίης §335πείρασιν ἐν μεγάλοις παγχρύσεα μῆλα φυλάσσει.
And Ceto, mingling in love with Phorcys, bore her youngest child, a terrible snake, who in the secret places of the dark earth, at the great limits, guards the all-golden apples.
§336τοῦτο μὲν ἐκ Κητοῦς καὶ Φόρκυνος γένος ἐστίν.
This indeed is the lineage of Ceto and Phorcys.
§337Τηθὺς δʼ Ὠκεανῷ Ποταμοὺς τέκε δινήεντας, §338Νεῖλόν τʼ Ἀλφειόν τε καὶ Ἠριδανὸν βαθυδίνην §339Στρυμόνα Μαίανδρόν τε καὶ Ἴστρον καλλιρέεθρον §340Φᾶσίν τε Ῥῆσόν τʼ Ἀχελώιόν τʼ ἀργυροδίνην §341Νέσσον τε Ῥοδίον θʼ Ἁλιάκμονά θʼ Ἑπτάπορόν τε §342Γρήνικόν τε καὶ Αἴσηπον θεῖόν τε Σιμοῦντα §343Πηνειόν τε καὶ Ἕρμον ἐυρρείτην τε Κάικον §344Σαγγάριόν τε μέγαν Λάδωνά τε Παρθένιόν τε §345Εὔηνόν τε καὶ Ἄρδησκον θεῖόν τε Σκάμανδρον.
And Tethys bore to Oceanus swirling Rivers, Nile, and Alpheus, and deep-swirling Eridanus, Strymon and Maeander and fair-flowing Ister, Phasis and Rhesus and silver-swirling Achelous, Nessus and Rhodius, Haliacmon and Heptaporus, Grenicus and Aesepus, and divine Simois, Peneus and Hermus and fair-flowing Caicus, great Sangarius, Ladon, and Parthenius, Evenus and Ardescus and divine Scamander.
§346τίκτε δὲ θυγατέρων ἱερὸν γένος, αἳ κατὰ γαῖαν §347ἄνδρας κουρίζουσι σὺν Ἀπόλλωνι ἄνακτι §348καὶ Ποταμοῖς, ταύτην δὲ Διὸς πάρα μοῖραν ἔχουσι, §349Πειθώ τʼ Ἀδμήτη τε Ἰάνθη τʼ Ἠλέκτρη τε §350Δωρίς τε Πρυμνώ τε καὶ Οὐρανίη θεοειδὴς §351Ἱππώ τε Κλυμένη τε Ῥόδειά τε Καλλιρόη τε §352Ζευξώ τε Κλυτίη τε Ἰδυῖά τε Πασιθόη τε §353Πληξαύρη τε Γαλαξαύρη τʼ ἐρατή τε Διώνη §354Μηλόβοσίς τε Φόη τε καὶ εὐειδὴς Πολυδώρη §355Κερκηίς τε φυὴν ἐρατὴ Πλουτώ τε βοῶπις §356Περσηίς τʼ Ἰάνειρά τʼ Ἀκάστη τε Ξάνθη τε §357Πετραίη τʼ ἐρόεσσα Μενεσθώ τʼ Εὐρώπη τε §358Μῆτίς τʼ Εὐρυνόμη τε Τελεστώ τε Κροκοπεπλος §359Χρυσηίς τʼ Ἀσίη τε καὶ ἱμερόεσσα Καλυψὼ §360Εὐδώρη τε Τύχη τε καὶ Ἀμφιρὼ Ὠκυρόη τε §361καὶ Στύξ, ἣ δή σφεων προφερεστάτη ἐστὶν ἁπασέων.
And she bore a holy race of daughters, who upon the earth lead men to youth with lord Apollo and the Rivers, and they have this portion from Zeus: Peitho and Admete and Ianthe and Electra, Doris and Prymno and godlike Urania, Hippo and Clymene and Rhodeia and Callirhoe, Zeuxo and Clytie and Idyia and Pasithoe, Plexaure and Galaxaure and lovely Dione, Melobosis and Thoe and beautiful Polydore, Cerceis, lovely of form, and ox-eyed Plouto, Perseis and Ianeira and Acaste and Xanthe, and lovely Petraea and Menestho and Europa, Metis and Eurynome and saffron-robed Telesto, Chryseis and Asia and charming Calypso, Eudore and Tyche and Amphiro and Ocyroe, and Styx, who indeed is the most preeminent of them all.
§362αὗται δʼ Ὠκεανοῦ καὶ Τηθύος ἐξεγένοντο §363πρεσβύταται κοῦραι· πολλαί γε μέν εἰσι καὶ ἄλλαι.
And these were born of Oceanus and Tethys, the eldest daughters; yet there are indeed many others.
§364τρὶς γὰρ χίλιαί εἰσι τανύσφυροι Ὠκεανῖναι, §365αἵ ῥα πολυσπερέες γαῖαν καὶ βένθεα λίμνης §366πάντη ὁμῶς ἐφέπουσι, θεάων ἀγλαὰ τέκνα.
For there are three thousand slender-ankled Oceanids, who, widely scattered, care for the earth and the depths of the pool everywhere alike, glorious children of goddesses.
§367τόσσοι δʼ αὖθʼ ἕτεροι ποταμοὶ καναχηδὰ ῥέοντες, §368υἱέες Ὠκεανοῦ, τοὺς γείνατο πότνια Τηθύς·
And again, as many other rivers flowing with a roar, sons of Oceanus, whom queenly Tethys bore;

Notes

  1. §295ἣ δʼ ἔτεκʼ — The subject could grammatically refer to Callirhoe (§288) or Erytheia (§290), but from the continuity of the genealogy of Phorcys and Ceto, it is standard to supply Ceto (§270). This is supported by the later mention of Ceto coupling with Phorcys again (§333).
  2. §304ἔρυτʼ — Imperfect indicative middle third-person singular of ἐρύομαι (ἐρύετο / ἔρυτο). It is interpreted here as 'was confined' or 'stayed' under the earth in Arima, or 'kept watch/guarded'. The latter fits well with the gods assigning her a dwelling place (§303).
  3. §313λυγρὰ ἰδυῖαν — The perfect active participle feminine singular accusative of οἶδα, ἰδυῖαν (for εἰδυῖαν), takes the neuter plural accusative λυγρά ('disastrous things', 'evils') as its object. It is an idiomatic formula meaning 'skilled in evil' or 'possessing a baneful nature'.
  4. §319ἣ δὲ — The subject who bore the Chimera. Although some suggest it refers to the Hydra (§313) mentioned just before, it is traditionally and more plausibly interpreted as referring back to Echidna (the subject of §§304-308).
  5. §326ἣ δʼ — The mother of Phix (the Sphinx). Syntactically, it is most natural to take the immediate predecessor Chimera (§319) as the subject who was subdued by Orthus. However, some alternative interpretations suggest Echidna as the subject.
  6. §347κουρίζουσι — Third-person plural present active indicative of κουρίζω, meaning 'to bring to youth/manhood' or 'to cut the hair of youths' in initiation rites. It describes the mythological role of the Oceanids, alongside Apollo and the Rivers, as nurturers of young mortals (kourotrophoi).

Cite this passage

Hesiod, Theogony §295-368. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:295-368

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