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Herodotus · Histories §2.96.1-2.96.5

Construction and Navigation of the Cargo Boat Baris

Passage 312 of 1577 · Greek

Summary

This passage describes the unique construction of the Egyptian cargo boats called 'baris,' built with acacia wood block by block without ribs, and details how they navigate downstream using a tamarisk hurdle and a stone anchor to maintain course and speed.

§2.96.1τὰ δὲ δὴ πλοῖά σφι, τοῖσι φορτηγέουσι, ἐστὶ ἐκ τῆς ἀκάνθης ποιεύμενα, τῆς ἡ μορφὴ μὲν ἐστὶ ὁμοιοτάτη τῷ Κυρηναίῳ λωτῷ, τὸ δὲ δάκρυον κόμμι ἐστί.
And indeed their boats, those which carry cargo, are made of the acacia, of which the form indeed is very similar to the Cyrenaean lotus, and the sap is gum.
ἐκ ταύτης ὦν τῆς ἀκάνθης κοψάμενοι ξύλα ὅσον τε διπήχεα πλινθηδὸν συντιθεῖσι ναυπηγεύμενοι τρόπον τοιόνδε·
Therefore, having cut from this acacia pieces of wood of about two cubits in length, they arrange them like bricks, building the boat in the following manner:
§2.96.2περὶ γόμφους πυκνοὺς καὶ μακροὺς περιείρουσι τὰ διπήχεα ξύλα· ἐπεὰν δὲ τῷ τρόπῳ τούτῳ ναυπηγήσωνται, ζυγὰ ἐπιπολῆς τείνουσι αὐτῶν· νομεῦσι δὲ οὐδὲν χρέωνται· ἔσωθεν δὲ τὰς ἁρμονίας ἐν ὦν ἐπάκτωσαν τῇ βύβλῳ.
Around close-set and long wooden pegs they thread the two-cubit pieces of wood; and when they have built the boat in this manner, they stretch beams across on top of them; and they make no use of ribs; and from the inside they caulk the seams with papyrus.
§2.96.3πηδάλιον δὲ ἓν ποιεῦνται, καὶ τοῦτο διὰ τῆς τρόπιος διαβύνεται.
They make one rudder, and this is passed through the keel.
ἱστῷ δὲ ἀκανθίνῳ χρέωνται, ἱστίοισι δὲ βυβλίνοισι.
And they use a mast of acacia, and sails of papyrus.
ταῦτα τὰ πλοῖα ἀνὰ μὲν τὸν ποταμὸν οὐ δύναται πλέειν, ἢν μὴ λαμπρὸς ἄνεμος ἐπέχῃ, ἐκ γῆς δὲ παρέλκεται, κατὰ ῥόον δὲ κομίζεται ὧδε·
These boats are not able to sail up the river unless a strong wind blows, but they are towed from the land; and downstream they are carried in the following way:
§2.96.4ἔστι ἐκ μυρίκης πεποιημένη θύρη, κατερραμμένη ῥιπὶ καλάμων, καὶ λίθος τετρημένος διτάλαντος μάλιστά κῃ σταθμόν·
There is a hurdle made of tamarisk, wattled with a mat of reeds, and a stone with a hole in it, weighing about two talents.
τούτων τὴν μὲν θύρην δεδεμένην κάλῳ ἔμπροσθε τοῦ πλοίου ἀπιεῖ ἐπιφέρεσθαι, τὸν δὲ λίθον ἄλλῳ κάλῳ ὄπισθε.
Of these, they let the hurdle, tied with a rope, float ahead of the boat, and the stone with another rope behind.
§2.96.5ἡ μὲν δὴ θύρη τοῦ ῥόου ἐμπίπτοντος χωρέει ταχέως καὶ ἕλκει τὴν βᾶριν (τοῦτο γὰρ δὴ οὔνομα ἐστὶ τοῖσι πλοίοισι τούτοισι), ὁ δὲ λίθος ὄπισθε ἐπελκόμενος καὶ ἐὼν ἐν βυσσῷ κατιθύνει τὸν πλόον. ἔστι δέ σφι τὰ πλοῖα ταῦτα πλήθεϊ πολλά, καὶ ἄγει ἔνια πολλὰς χιλιάδας ταλάντων.
Then, as the current strikes it, the hurdle moves rapidly and pulls the baris (for this is the name of these boats), while the stone, being dragged behind and being on the bottom of the river, keeps the course straight. They possess these boats in great numbers, and some carry many thousands of talents. Then, as the current strikes it, the hurdle moves rapidly and pulls the baris (for this is the name of these boats), while the stone, being dragged behind and being on the bottom of the river, keeps the course straight. They possess these boats in great numbers, and some carry many thousands of talents.

Notes

  1. 2.96.1τὰ δὲ δὴ πλοῖά σφι, τοῖσι φορτηγέουσι — The relationship between the dative pronoun σφι (Ionic dative of σφεῖς, 'to/for them') and the appositive participle phrase τοῖσι φορτηγέουσι ('those who carry cargo'). This dative functions as a dative of possession or reference.
  2. 2.96.1ὅσον τε διπήχεα — The combination of the relative ὅσον and the particle τε (ὅσον τε) is an idiomatic expression indicating an approximate quantity ('about two cubits').
  3. 2.96.2ἐν ὦν ἐπάκτωσαν — The particle ὦν (Ionic form of οὖν) is inserted between the preposition ἐν and the verb ἐπάκτωσαν. This is an instance of tmesis of the compound verb (originally from ἐμπάκτουσι or ἐμπακτόω), here using the third-person plural aorist indicative.
  4. 2.96.4τούτων τὴν μὲν θύρην δεδεμένην κάλῳ ἔμπροσθε τοῦ πλοίου ἀπιεῖ ἐπιφέρεσθαι — The verb ἀπιεῖ (third-person singular present of ἀπίημι, 'lets go', 'sends forth') governs the infinitive ἐπιφέρεσθαι (middle/passive, 'to be carried along', 'to float'). Together, they express a causative or permissive meaning: 'they let the hurdle float ahead.' The subject is generic ('one' or 'the sailor'), represented by the third-person singular.
  5. 2.96.5τοῦ ῥόου ἐμπίπτοντος — A genitive absolute construction expressing time or cause ('when the current strikes it' or 'because the current strikes it').

Cite this passage

Herodotus, Histories §2.96.1-2.96.5. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:2.96.1-2.96.5

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