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Herodotus · Histories §2.68.1-2.68.5

Nature and Habits of the Crocodile and Its Symbiosis with Birds

Passage 284 of 1577 · Greek

Summary

Describes the physical traits and habits of the crocodile, including its lack of a tongue and its symbiotic relationship with the sandpiper that eats leeches from its mouth.

§2.68.1τῶν δὲ κροκοδείλων φύσις ἐστὶ τοιήδε.
The nature of the crocodile is as follows.
τοὺς χειμεριωτάτους μῆνας τέσσερας ἐσθίει οὐδέν, ἐὸν δὲ τετράπουν χερσαῖον καὶ λιμναῖον ἐστί.
During the four coldest months it eats nothing, and though it is a four-footed beast, it is both of the land and of the water.
τίκτει μὲν γὰρ ᾠὰ ἐν γῇ καὶ ἐκλέπει, καὶ τὸ πολλὸν τῆς ἡμέρης διατρίβει ἐν τῷ ξηρῷ, τὴν δὲ νύκτα πᾶσαν ἐν τῷ ποταμῷ· θερμότερον γὰρ δή ἐστι τὸ ὕδωρ τῆς τε αἰθρίης καὶ τῆς δρόσου.
For it lays its eggs on land and hatches them there, and it spends the greater part of the day on dry ground, but the whole night in the river; for the water is indeed warmer than the open air and the dew.
§2.68.2πάντων δὲ τῶν ἡμεῖς ἴδμεν θνητῶν τοῦτο ἐξ ἐλαχίστου μέγιστον γίνεται· τὰ μὲν γὰρ ᾠὰ χηνέων οὐ πολλῷ μέζονα τίκτει, καὶ ὁ νεοσσὸς κατὰ λόγον τοῦ ᾠοῦ γίνεται, αὐξανόμενος δὲ γίνεται καὶ ἐς ἑπτακαίδεκα πήχεας καὶ μέζων ἔτι.
Of all mortal creatures that we know, this one becomes the greatest from the smallest beginning; for the eggs it lays are not much larger than those of geese, and the young one is in proportion to the egg, but as it grows it reaches even to seventeen cubits and even more.
§2.68.3ἔχει δὲ ὀφθαλμοὺς μὲν ὑός, ὀδόντας δὲ μεγάλους καὶ χαυλιόδοντας κατὰ λόγον τοῦ σώματος.
It has the eyes of a pig, and large teeth and tusks in proportion to its body.
γλῶσσαν δὲ μοῦνον θηρίων οὐκ ἔφυσε, οὐδὲ κινέει τὴν κάτω γνάθον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῦτο μοῦνον θηρίων τὴν ἄνω γνάθον προσάγει τῇ κάτω.
It is the only beast that has not grown a tongue, nor does it move its lower jaw, but in this too, alone of beasts, it brings down its upper jaw to the lower.
§2.68.4ἔχει δὲ καὶ ὄνυχας καρτεροὺς καὶ δέρμα λεπιδωτὸν ἄρρηκτον ἐπὶ τοῦ νώτου.
It has also strong claws and a scaly skin, unbreakable on its back.
τυφλὸν δὲ ἐν ὕδατι, ἐν δὲ τῇ αἰθρίῃ ὀξυδερκέστατον.
It is blind in the water, but in the open air most keen-sighted.
ἅτε δὴ ὦν ἐν ὕδατι δίαιταν ποιεύμενον, τὸ στόμα ἔνδοθεν φορέει πᾶν μεστὸν βδελλέων.
And since it makes its living in the water, it has the inside of its mouth all full of leeches.
τὰ μὲν δὴ ἄλλα ὄρνεα καὶ θηρία φεύγει μιν, ὁ δὲ τροχίλος εἰρηναῖόν οἱ ἐστὶ ἅτε ὠφελεομένῳ πρὸς αὐτοῦ· §2.68.5ἐπεὰν γὰρ ἐς τὴν γῆν ἐκβῇ ἐκ τοῦ ὕδατος ὁ κροκόδειλος καὶ ἔπειτα χάνῃ (ἔωθε γὰρ τοῦτο ὡς ἐπίπαν ποιέειν πρὸς τὸν ζέφυρον), ἐνθαῦτα ὁ τροχίλος ἐσδύνων ἐς τὸ στόμα αὐτοῦ καταπίνει τὰς βδέλλας· ὁ δὲ ὠφελεύμενος ἥδεται καὶ οὐδὲν σίνεται τὸν τροχίλον.
Now all other birds and beasts flee from it, but the sandpiper is at peace with it, because it receives benefit from it; for whenever the crocodile comes out of the water onto the land and then gapes (for it is accustomed to do this generally facing the west wind), then the sandpiper, entering into its mouth, swallows the leeches; and the crocodile, receiving benefit, is pleased and does no harm to the sandpiper.

Notes

  1. §2.68.1ἐὸν δὲ τετράπουν — ἐόν is the present participle neuter singular nominative of εἰμί in the Ionic dialect. It functions as a concessive participle ('although it is a four-footed beast') modifying the implied subject of the clause.
  2. §2.68.2πάντων δὲ τῶν ἡμεῖς ἴδμεν θνητῶν — The relative pronoun τῶν is attracted to the genitive case of its antecedent θνητῶν (relative attraction). ἴδμεν is the Ionic first-person plural of οἶδα (equivalent to ἴσμεν / οἴδαμεν). The entire genitive phrase acts as a partitive genitive defining the scope ('of all mortal creatures we know').
  3. §2.68.3μοῦνον θηρίων οὐκ ἔφυσε — ἔφυσε is the active aorist of φύω ('to bring forth, grow'). It can be taken transitively with an implied subject ('nature did not grow for it...') or with the crocodile as the subject ('it did not grow a tongue'). θηρίων is a partitive genitive depending on the adjective μοῦνον ('alone of beasts').
  4. §2.68.4ἅτε ὠφελεομένῳ πρὸς αὐτοῦ — The conjunction ἅτε with a participle expresses an objective reason ('inasmuch as'). The present passive participle dative ὠφελεομένῳ agrees with the preceding dative pronoun οἱ, which refers to the sandpiper receiving benefit 'from him' (πρὸς αὐτοῦ, i.e., the crocodile).

Cite this passage

Herodotus, Histories §2.68.1-2.68.5. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:2.68.1-2.68.5

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