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Herodotus · Histories §2.47.1-2.47.3

Views on Pigs and Exceptional Sacrifices to the Moon and Dionysus

Passage 263 of 1577 · Greek

Summary

The passage describes the Egyptians' view of pigs as unclean, the social isolation of swineherds, and the exceptional sacrifice and eating of pigs during the festivals of the Moon and Dionysus, including the specific ritual procedures.

§2.47.1ὗν δὲ Αἰγύπτιοι μιαρὸν ἥγηνται θηρίον εἶναι, καὶ τοῦτο μὲν ἤν τις ψαύσῃ αὐτῶν παριὼν αὐτοῖσι τοῖσι ἱματίοισι ἀπʼ ὦν ἔβαψε ἑωυτὸν βὰς ἐς τὸν ποταμόν· τοῦτο δὲ οἱ συβῶται ἐόντες Αἰγύπτιοι ἐγγενέες ἐς ἱρὸν οὐδὲν τῶν ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ ἐσέρχονται μοῦνοι πάντων, οὐδέ σφι ἐκδίδοσθαι οὐδεὶς θυγατέρα ἐθέλει οὐδʼ ἄγεσθαι ἐξ αὐτῶν, ἀλλʼ ἐκδίδονταί τε οἱ συβῶται καὶ ἄγονται ἐξ ἀλλήλων.
Now the Egyptians reckon the pig to be an unclean beast. And for one thing, if anyone in passing should touch a pig, even with his very garments, he goes to the river and dips himself; for another thing, the swineherds, though they are native Egyptians, are the only ones of all who do not enter any temple in Egypt, nor is anyone willing to give his daughter in marriage to them or to take a wife from among them, but the swineherds give in marriage and take wives only among themselves.
§2.47.2τοῖσι μέν νυν ἄλλοισι θεοῖσι θύειν ὗς οὐ δικαιοῦσι Αἰγύπτιοι, Σελήνῃ δὲ καὶ Διονύσῳ μούνοισι τοῦ αὐτοῦ χρόνου, τῇ αὐτῇ πανσελήνῳ, τοὺς ὗς θύσαντες πατέονται τῶν κρεῶν.
Now the Egyptians do not think it right to sacrifice pigs to any other gods, but to the Moon and Dionysus alone at the same season, namely at the same full moon, they sacrifice pigs and eat of their flesh.
διότι δὲ τοὺς ὗς ἐν μὲν τῇσι ἄλλῃσι ὁρτῇσι ἀπεστυγήκασι ἐν δὲ ταύτῃ θύουσι, ἔστι μὲν λόγος περὶ αὐτοῦ ὑπʼ Αἰγυπτίων λεγόμενος, ἐμοὶ μέντοι ἐπισταμένῳ οὐκ εὐπρεπέστερος ἐστὶ λέγεσθαι.
But as to why they abhor pigs in their other festivals and yet sacrifice them in this one, there is indeed a story told about it by the Egyptians; however, although I know it, it is not very seemly for me to tell.
§2.47.3θυσίη δὲ ἥδε τῶν ὑῶν τῇ Σελήνῃ ποιέεται· ἐπεὰν θύσῃ, τὴν οὐρὴν ἄκρην καὶ τὸν σπλῆνα καὶ τὸν ἐπίπλοον συνθεὶς ὁμοῦ κατʼ ὦν ἐκάλυψε πάσῃ τοῦ κτήνεος τῇ πιμελῇ τῇ περὶ τὴν νηδὺν γινομένῃ, καὶ ἔπειτα καταγίζει πυρί· τὰ δὲ ἄλλα κρέα σιτέονται ἐν τῇ πανσελήνῳ ἐν τῇ ἂν τὰ ἱρὰ θύσωσι, ἐν ἄλλῃ δὲ ἡμέρῃ οὐκ ἂν ἔτι γευσαίατο.
And this sacrifice of pigs to the Moon is performed as follows: when one has sacrificed, he puts together the tip of the tail, the spleen, and the caul, and covers them completely with all the fat of the beast found about the belly, and then burns them in the fire; the rest of the flesh they eat during the full moon on which they sacrifice the victims, but on any other day they would no longer taste it.
οἱ δὲ πένητες αὐτῶν ὑπʼ ἀσθενείης βίου σταιτίνας πλάσαντες ὗς καὶ ὀπτήσαντες ταύτας θύουσι.
Those of them who are poor, because of the weakness of their livelihood, mold pigs out of dough, bake them, and sacrifice these.

Notes

  1. §2.47.1αὐτοῖσι τοῖσι ἱματίοισι — The pronoun αὐτός in the dative, combined with the dative of a noun with the article, denotes accompaniment or manner, meaning 'with the very garments' or 'garments and all' (i.e., jumping into the river without even undressing).
  2. §2.47.1ἀπʼ ὦν ἔβαψε — An example of tmesis where the Ionic particle ὦν (equivalent to οὖν) is inserted between the prepositional prefix ἀπό and the verb ἔβαψε (from ἀποβάπτω). The aorist ἔβαψε functions as a gnomic aorist representing a habitual action.
  3. §2.47.2οὐκ εὐπρεπέστερος ἐστὶ λέγεσθαι — The comparative εὐπρεπέστερος is used as an absolute comparative ('not very seemly/decorous') expressing understatement (litotes). The passive infinitive λέγεσθαι is an epexegetic or qualifying infinitive limitative to the adjective ('to be told').
  4. §2.47.3οὐκ ἂν ἔτι γευσαίατο — γευσαίατο is the Ionic dialectal form of the third-person plural middle aorist optative (γεύσαιντο, where -ατο stands for -ντο). Combined with the particle ἄν, it forms a potential optative expressing strong negation regarding future/habitual possibility.

Cite this passage

Herodotus, Histories §2.47.1-2.47.3. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:2.47.1-2.47.3

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