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Herodotus · Histories §2.32.1-2.32.7

The Nasamonian Exploration of the Libyan Desert

Passage 248 of 1577 · Greek

Summary

Herodotus recounts a story heard from Cyrenians about the exploration of the Libyan desert by young Nasamonians. The explorers traveled west and reached a city inhabited by small, black-skinned people, located next to a great river flowing eastward containing crocodiles.

§2.32.1ἀλλὰ τάδε μὲν ἤκουσα ἀνδρῶν Κυρηναίων φαμένων ἐλθεῖν τε ἐπὶ τὸ Ἄμμωνος χρηστήριον καὶ ἀπικέσθαι ἐς λόγους Ἐτεάρχῳ τῷ Ἀμμωνίων βασιλέι, καί κως ἐκ λόγων ἄλλων ἀπικέσθαι ἐς λέσχην περὶ τοῦ Νείλου, ὡς οὐδεὶς αὐτοῦ οἶδε τὰς πηγάς, καὶ τὸν Ἐτέαρχον φάναι ἐλθεῖν κοτε παρʼ αὐτὸν Νασαμῶνας ἄνδρας.
But this I heard from certain men of Cyrene, who said that they went to the oracle of Ammon and came to speech with Etearchus, the king of the Ammonians; and that somehow, from other talk, they came to a discussion about the Nile, how no one knows its sources; and that Etearchus said that once there came to him certain men of the Nasamonians.
§2.32.2τὸ δὲ ἔθνος τοῦτο ἐστὶ μὲν Λιβυκόν, νέμεται δὲ τὴν Σύρτιν τε καὶ τὴν πρὸς ἠῶ χώρην τῆς Σύρτιος οὐκ ἐπὶ πολλόν.
This nation is Libyan, and inhabits the Syrtis and the country to the east of the Syrtis for no great distance.
§2.32.3ἀπικομένους δὲ τοὺς Νασαμῶνας καὶ εἰρωτωμένους εἴ τι ἔχουσι πλέον λέγειν περὶ τῶν ἐρήμων τῆς Λιβύης, φάναι παρὰ σφίσι γενέσθαι ἀνδρῶν δυναστέων παῖδας ὑβριστάς, τοὺς ἄλλα τε μηχανᾶσθαι ἀνδρωθέντας περισσὰ καὶ δὴ καὶ ἀποκληρῶσαι πέντε ἑωυτῶν ὀψομένους τὰ ἔρημα τῆς Λιβύης, καὶ εἴ τι πλέον ἴδοιεν τῶν τὰ μακρότατα ἰδομένων.
And when the Nasamonians arrived and were asked if they had anything more to tell about the deserts of Libya, they said that there had been among them certain sons of leading men who were insolent; these, when they grew up to manhood, devised other extravagant things, and in particular chose by lot five of their number to see the deserts of Libya, and to find out if they could see anything more than those who had seen the furthest.
§2.32.4τῆς γὰρ Λιβύης τὰ μὲν κατὰ τὴν βορηίην θάλασσαν ἀπʼ Αἰγύπτου ἀρξάμενοι μέχρι Σολόεντος ἄκρης, ἣ τελευτᾷ τῆς Λιβύης, παρήκουσι παρὰ πᾶσαν Λίβυες καὶ Λιβύων ἔθνεα πολλά, πλὴν ὅσον Ἕλληνες καὶ Φοίνικες ἔχουσι· τὰ δὲ ὑπὲρ θαλάσσης τε καὶ τῶν ἐπὶ θάλασσαν κατηκόντων ἀνθρώπων, τὰ κατύπερθε θηριώδης ἐστὶ ἡ Λιβύη· τὰ δὲ κατύπερθε τῆς θηριώδεος ψάμμος τε ἐστὶ καὶ ἄνυδρος δεινῶς καὶ ἔρημος πάντων.
For as for Libya, the part along the northern sea, beginning from Egypt and reaching as far as Cape Soloeis, which is the end of Libya, is inhabited throughout by Libyans and many nations of Libyans, except so much as is held by Greeks and Phoenicians; but the region above the sea and the people who dwell on the sea—the region further inland—is Libya of the wild beasts; and the region further inland than the country of wild beasts is sand, and terribly waterless, and a desert of all things.
§2.32.5εἶπαι ὦν τοὺς νεηνίας ἀποπεμπομένους ὑπὸ τῶν ἡλίκων, ὕδασί τε καὶ σιτίοισι εὖ ἐξηρτυμένους, ἰέναι τὰ πρῶτα μὲν διὰ τῆς οἰκεομένης, ταύτην δὲ διεξελθόντας ἐς τὴν θηριώδεα ἀπικέσθαι, ἐκ δὲ ταύτης τὴν ἔρημον διεξιέναι, τὴν ὁδὸν ποιευμένους πρὸς ζέφυρον ἄνεμον,
So the young men, being sent out by their fellows, well furnished with water and provisions, went first through the inhabited country, and having passed through this they came to the country of wild beasts, and from this they went through the desert, making their way towards the west wind.
§2.32.6διεξελθόντας δὲ χῶρον πολλὸν ψαμμώδεα καὶ ἐν πολλῇσι ἡμέρῃσι ἰδεῖν δή κοτε δένδρεα ἐν πεδίῳ πεφυκότα, καί σφεας προσελθόντας ἅπτεσθαι τοῦ ἐπεόντος ἐπὶ τῶν δενδρέων καρποῦ, ἁπτομένοισι δέ σφι ἐπελθεῖν ἄνδρας μικρούς, μετρίων ἐλάσσονας ἀνδρῶν, λαβόντας δὲ ἄγειν σφέας· φωνῆς δὲ οὔτε τι τῆς ἐκείνων τοὺς Νασαμῶνας γινώσκειν οὔτε τοὺς ἄγοντας τῶν Νασαμώνων·
And having passed through a great sandy region in many days, they saw at last trees growing in a plain, and they went up to them and began to pluck the fruit that was on the trees; and while they were plucking it, there came upon them small men, smaller than men of middle stature, who took them and led them away; and the Nasamonians did not understand any of their speech, nor did those who led them understand the speech of the Nasamonians.
§2.32.7ἄγειν τε δὴ αὐτοὺς διʼ ἑλέων μεγίστων, καὶ διεξελθόντας ταῦτα ἀπικέσθαι ἐς πόλιν ἐν τῇ πάντας εἶναι τοῖσι ἄγουσι τὸ μέγαθος ἴσους, χρῶμα δὲ μέλανας.
And they led them through very great swamps, and having passed through these they came to a city in which all the people were equal in stature to those who led them, and black in color.
παρὰ δὲ τὴν πόλιν ῥέειν ποταμὸν μέγαν, ῥέειν δὲ ἀπὸ ἑσπέρης αὐτὸν πρὸς ἥλιον ἀνατέλλοντα, φαίνεσθαι δὲ ἐν αὐτῷ κροκοδείλους.
And by the city flowed a great river, and it flowed from the west towards the rising sun, and in it crocodiles were seen.

Notes

  1. 2.32.1ἤκουσα ἀνδρῶν Κυρηναίων φαμένων — The verb ἤκουσα (heard) takes a genitive of the source (ἀνδρῶν) with an agreeing genitive participle (φαμένων) to express the direct source of hearing: 'I heard men of Cyrene saying...'.
  2. 2.32.1τὸν Ἐτέαρχον φάναι — An accusative and infinitive construction (AcI) introduced indirectly by ἤκουσα or depending on the preceding φαμένων, meaning 'and (they said) that Etearchus said...'.
  3. 2.32.3τῶν τὰ μακρότατα ἰδομένων — A genitive of comparison depending on the comparative πλέον (more). The phrase τῶν ἰδομένων is a substantivized participle with an article, meaning 'of those who had seen [the furthest]'.
  4. 2.32.4ἀπʼ Αἰγύπτου ἀρξάμενοι — An idiomatic participial expression used to indicate a geographical starting point. Literally 'beginning from Egypt,' it functions as 'from Egypt onwards.' The nominative plural participle ἀρξάμενοι agrees in gender, number, and case with the subject of the main clause, Λίβυες.
  5. 2.32.5εἶπαι ὦν — The infinitive εἶπαι (an Ionic form equivalent to the Attic aorist infinitive εἰπεῖν) is used here as an independent infinitive of narration, a characteristic of Herodotus' style when maintaining a long passage in indirect discourse.

Cite this passage

Herodotus, Histories §2.32.1-2.32.7. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:2.32.1-2.32.7

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