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Herodotus · Histories §2.17.1-2.17.6

Definition of Egypt and the Mouths of the Nile

Passage 233 of 1577 · Greek

Summary

The author defines Egypt as the entire territory inhabited by Egyptians and describes the branching of the Nile that forms the Delta, detailing its various natural and artificial mouths.

§2.17.1καὶ τὴν μὲν Ἰώνων γνώμην ἀπίεμεν, ἡμεῖς δὲ ὧδε καὶ περὶ τούτων λέγομεν, Αἴγυπτον μὲν πᾶσαν εἶναι ταύτην τὴν ὑπʼ Αἰγυπτίων οἰκεομένην κατά περ Κιλικίην τὴν ὑπὸ Κιλίκων καὶ Ἀσσυρίην τὴν ὑπὸ Ἀσσυρίων, οὔρισμα δὲ Ἀσίῃ καὶ Λιβύῃ οἴδαμεν οὐδὲν ἐὸν ὀρθῷ λόγῳ εἰ μὴ τοὺς Αἰγυπτίων οὔρους.
And we dismiss the opinion of the Ionians, and we ourselves speak concerning these matters as follows: that Egypt in its entirety is this land inhabited by the Egyptians, just as Cilicia is that inhabited by the Cilicians and Assyria by the Assyrians; and we know that by correct reasoning there is no boundary between Asia and Libya except the borders of the Egyptians.
§2.17.2εἰ δὲ τῷ ὑπʼ Ἑλλήνων νενομισμένῳ χρησόμεθα, νομιοῦμεν Αἴγυπτον πᾶσαν ἀρξαμένην ἀπὸ Καταδούπων τε καὶ Ἐλεφαντίνης πόλιος δίχα διαιρέεσθαι καὶ ἀμφοτερέων τῶν ἐπωνυμιέων ἔχεσθαι· τὰ μὲν γὰρ αὐτῆς εἶναι τῆς Λιβύης τὰ δὲ τῆς Ἀσίης.
But if we follow the opinion customary among the Greeks, we shall consider that all Egypt, starting from the Cataracts and the city of Elephantine, is divided in two and partakes of both names; for one part of it belongs to Libya, and the other to Asia.
§2.17.3ὁ γὰρ δὴ Νεῖλος ἀρξάμενος ἐκ τῶν Καταδούπων ῥέει μέσην Αἴγυπτον σχίζων ἐς θάλασσαν.
For the Nile, starting from the Cataracts, flows through the middle of Egypt, splitting it, to the sea.
μέχρι μέν νυν Κερκασώρου πόλιος ῥέει εἷς ἐὼν ὁ Νεῖλος, τὸ δὲ ἀπὸ ταύτης τῆς πόλιος σχίζεται τριφασίας ὁδούς.
Now, as far as the city of Cercasorus, the Nile flows as a single stream, but from this city onward it splits into three directions.
§2.17.4καὶ ἣ μὲν πρὸς ἠῶ τρέπεται, τὸ καλέεται Πηλούσιον στόμα, ἡ δὲ ἑτέρη τῶν ὁδῶν πρὸς ἑσπέρην ἔχει· τοῦτο δὲ Κανωβικὸν στόμα κέκληται.
And one of these turns toward the east, which is called the Pelusian mouth; the other of the ways turns toward the west, and this is called the Canobic mouth.
ἡ δὲ δὴ ἰθέα τῶν ὁδῶν τῷ Νείλῳ ἐστὶ ἥδε· ἄνωθεν φερόμενος ἐς τὸ ὀξὺ τοῦ Δέλτα ἀπικνέεται, τὸ δὲ ἀπὸ τούτου σχίζων μέσον τὸ Δέλτα ἐς θάλασσαν ἐξιεῖ, οὔτε ἐλαχίστην μοῖραν τοῦ ὕδατος παρεχόμενος ταύτην οὔτε ἥκιστα ὀνομαστήν· τὸ καλέεται Σεβεννυτικὸν στόμα.
But the straight course of the Nile's ways is this: flowing from above, it reaches the apex of the Delta, and from there, splitting the middle of the Delta, it discharges into the sea, presenting a volume of water that is neither the least nor the least famous; this is called the Sebennytic mouth.
§2.17.5ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἕτερα διφάσια στόματα ἀπὸ τοῦ Σεβεννυτικοῦ ἀποσχισθέντα, φέροντα ἐς θάλασσαν· τοῖσι οὐνόματα κέεται τάδε, τῷ μὲν Σαϊτικὸν αὐτῶν τῷ δὲ Μενδήσιον.
There are also two other mouths split off from the Sebennytic, leading to the sea; to these the following names are given: to one of them the Saitic, and to the other the Mendesian.
§2.17.6τὸ δὲ Βολβίτινον στόμα καὶ τὸ Βουκολικὸν οὐκ ἰθαγενέα στόματα ἐστὶ ἀλλʼ ὀρυκτά.
But the Bolbitine and the Bucolic mouths are not natural mouths but are artificial, having been dug out.

Notes

  1. §2.17.1οἴδαμεν οὐδὲν ἐὸν — The present participle `ἐὸν` (Ionic neuter singular of εἰμί) is used as a predicative participle with the verb of knowing `οἴδαμεν`, forming an indirect statement: 'we know that there is nothing.' The accusative `οὐδὲν` acts as the subject of the participle, while `οὔρισμα` is its predicate complement.
  2. §2.17.2ἀμφοτερέων τῶν ἐπωνυμιέων ἔχεσθαι — The middle infinitive `ἔχεσθαι` of `ἔχω` takes the genitive and means 'to border on' or 'to belong to, be connected with.' Here it expresses that the whole of Egypt belongs to or is associated with both names (Asia and Libya).
  3. §2.17.4οὔτε ἐλαχίστην μοῖραν τοῦ ὕδατος παρεχόμενος ταύτην οὔτε ἥκιστα ὀνομαστήν — The participle `παρεχόμενος` (presenting, offering) takes `ταύτην` (this stream) as its direct object and the coordinate phrases `οὔτε ἐλαχίστην... οὔτε ἥκιστα...` as predicative complements. This is a double negation (litotes) emphasizing that the Sebennytic mouth has a very large volume of water and is highly famous.

Cite this passage

Herodotus, Histories §2.17.1-2.17.6. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:2.17.1-2.17.6

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