Humanitext Reader

Homer · Iliad §3.264-3.330

Solemn oaths of both armies and the arming of Paris

Passage 26 of 226 · Greek

Summary

Agamemnon and Odysseus conduct the solemn oath ritual. After Priam returns to Ilios, Hector and Odysseus shake the lots, selecting Paris to throw his spear first, who then begins to put on his armor.

§3.264ἀλλʼ ὅτε δή ῥʼ ἵκοντο μετὰ Τρῶας καὶ Ἀχαιούς, §3.265ἐξ ἵππων ἀποβάντες ἐπὶ χθόνα πουλυβότειραν §3.266ἐς μέσσον Τρώων καὶ Ἀχαιῶν ἐστιχόωντο.
But when indeed they came to the Trojans and Achaeans, stepping down from the chariot onto the fertile earth, they walked into the midst of the Trojans and Achaeans.
§3.267ὄρνυτο δʼ αὐτίκʼ ἔπειτα ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν Ἀγαμέμνων, §3.268ἂν δʼ Ὀδυσεὺς πολύμητις· ἀτὰρ κήρυκες ἀγαυοὶ §3.269ὅρκια πιστὰ θεῶν σύναγον, κρητῆρι δὲ οἶνον §3.270μίσγον, ἀτὰρ βασιλεῦσιν ὕδωρ ἐπὶ χεῖρας ἔχευαν.
Then immediately rose Agamemnon, lord of men, and very wise Odysseus; and the noble heralds gathered the trustworthy oaths of the gods, and in the mixing-bowl wine they mixed, and poured water on the hands of the kings.
§3.271Ἀτρεΐδης δὲ ἐρυσσάμενος χείρεσσι μάχαιραν, §3.272ἥ οἱ πὰρ ξίφεος μέγα κουλεόν αἰὲν ἄωρτο, §3.273ἀρνῶν ἐκ κεφαλέων τάμνε τρίχας· αὐτὰρ ἔπειτα §3.274κήρυκες Τρώων καὶ Ἀχαιῶν νεῖμαν ἀρίστοις.
And the son of Atreus, drawing with his hands his knife, which always hung beside his sword's great scabbard, he cut hairs from the heads of the lambs; and then the heralds of the Trojans and Achaeans distributed them to the chiefs.
§3.275τοῖσιν δʼ Ἀτρεΐδης μεγάλʼ εὔχετο χεῖρας ἀνασχών· §3.276Ζεῦ πάτερ Ἴδηθεν μεδέων κύδιστε μέγιστε, §3.277Ἠέλιός θʼ, ὃς πάντʼ ἐφορᾷς καὶ πάντʼ ἐπακούεις, §3.278καὶ ποταμοὶ καὶ γαῖα, καὶ οἳ ὑπένερθε καμόντας §3.279ἀνθρώπους τίνυσθον ὅτις κʼ ἐπίορκον ὀμόσσῃ, §3.280ὑμεῖς μάρτυροι ἔστε, φυλάσσετε δʼ ὅρκια πιστά·
And in their presence the son of Atreus prayed aloud, lifting up his hands: "Father Zeus, ruling from Ida, most glorious, most great, and Helios, who see all things and hear all things, and rivers and earth, and you who below punish dead men, whoever swears a false oath, be witnesses, and guard the trustworthy oaths.
§3.281εἰ μέν κεν Μενέλαον Ἀλέξανδρος καταπέφνῃ §3.282αὐτὸς ἔπειθʼ Ἑλένην ἐχέτω καὶ κτήματα πάντα, §3.283ἡμεῖς δʼ ἐν νήεσσι νεώμεθα ποντοπόροισιν· §3.284εἰ δέ κʼ Ἀλέξανδρον κτείνῃ ξανθὸς Μενέλαος, §3.285Τρῶας ἔπειθʼ Ἑλένην καὶ κτήματα πάντʼ ἀποδοῦναι, §3.286τιμὴν δʼ Ἀργείοις ἀποτινέμεν ἥν τινʼ ἔοικεν, §3.287ἥ τε καὶ ἐσσομένοισι μετʼ ἀνθρώποισι πέληται.
If Alexander should slay Menelaus, let him then keep Helen and all the possessions, and let us return in our seafaring ships; but if fair-haired Menelaus slays Alexander, then the Trojans shall return Helen and all the possessions, and pay to the Argives a fitting recompense, which shall remain also among men of future generations.
§3.288εἰ δʼ ἂν ἐμοὶ τιμὴν Πρίαμος Πριάμοιό τε παῖδες §3.289τίνειν οὐκ ἐθέλωσιν Ἀλεξάνδροιο πεσόντος, §3.290αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ καὶ ἔπειτα μαχήσομαι εἵνεκα ποινῆς §3.291αὖθι μένων, ἧός κε τέλος πολέμοιο κιχείω. §3.292ἦ, καὶ ἀπὸ στομάχους ἀρνῶν τάμε νηλέϊ χαλκῷ· §3.293καὶ τοὺς μὲν κατέθηκεν ἐπὶ χθονὸς ἀσπαίροντας §3.294θυμοῦ δευομένους· ἀπὸ γὰρ μένος εἵλετο χαλκός.
But if Priam and the sons of Priam, after Alexander falls, refuse to pay the recompense to me, then I will fight even thereafter for the price, remaining here, until I find the end of the war." He spoke, and cut the throats of the lambs with the pitiless bronze; and laid them on the ground gasping, deprived of breath; for the bronze had taken away their life.
§3.295οἶνον δʼ ἐκ κρητῆρος ἀφυσσόμενοι δεπάεσσιν §3.296ἔκχεον, ἠδʼ εὔχοντο θεοῖς αἰειγενέτῃσιν.
And drawing wine from the mixing-bowl with cups, they poured it out, and prayed to the immortal gods.
§3.297ὧδε δέ τις εἴπεσκεν Ἀχαιῶν τε Τρώων τε· §3.298Ζεῦ κύδιστε μέγιστε καὶ ἀθάνατοι θεοὶ ἄλλοι §3.299ὁππότεροι πρότεροι ὑπὲρ ὅρκια πημήνειαν §3.300ὧδέ σφʼ ἐγκέφαλος χαμάδις ῥέοι ὡς ὅδε οἶνος §3.301αὐτῶν καὶ τεκέων, ἄλοχοι δʼ ἄλλοισι δαμεῖεν. §3.302ὣς ἔφαν, οὐδʼ ἄρα πώ σφιν ἐπεκραίαινε Κρονίων.
And thus would one of the Achaeans and Trojans say: "Most glorious, most great Zeus, and other immortal gods, whichever side first violates the oaths, so may their brains flow to the ground as this wine, both of themselves and of their children, and may their wives be mastered by others." So they spoke, but not yet indeed did the son of Cronos fulfill it for them.
§3.303τοῖσι δὲ Δαρδανίδης Πρίαμος μετὰ μῦθον ἔειπε· §3.304κέκλυτέ μευ Τρῶες καὶ ἐϋκνήμιδες Ἀχαιοί· §3.305ἤτοι ἐγὼν εἶμι προτὶ Ἴλιον ἠνεμόεσσαν §3.306ἄψ, ἐπεὶ οὔ πω τλήσομʼ ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖσιν ὁρᾶσθαι §3.307μαρνάμενον φίλον υἱὸν ἀρηϊφίλῳ Μενελάῳ·
And among them Priam, son of Dardanus, spoke a word: "Hear me, Trojans and well-greaved Achaeans; verily I will go to windy Ilios back, since I cannot yet bear to look with my eyes upon my dear son fighting with Menelaus, dear to Ares.
§3.308Ζεὺς μέν που τό γε οἶδε καὶ ἀθάνατοι θεοὶ ἄλλοι §3.309ὁπποτέρῳ θανάτοιο τέλος πεπρωμένον ἐστίν. §3.310ἦ ῥα καὶ ἐς δίφρον ἄρνας θέτο ἰσόθεος φώς, §3.311ἂν δʼ ἄρʼ ἔβαινʼ αὐτός, κατὰ δʼ ἡνία τεῖνεν ὀπίσσω· §3.312πὰρ δέ οἱ Ἀντήνωρ περικαλλέα βήσετο δίφρον.
Zeus indeed, I suppose, knows this, and the other immortal gods, to which of the two the end of death is fated." So spoke the godlike man, and placed the lambs in the chariot, and himself mounted, and drew back the reins; and beside him Antenor mounted the very beautiful chariot.
§3.313τὼ μὲν ἄρʼ ἄψορροι προτὶ Ἴλιον ἀπονέοντο·
So the two turned back and departed toward Ilios.
§3.314Ἕκτωρ δὲ Πριάμοιο πάϊς καὶ δῖος Ὀδυσσεὺς §3.315χῶρον μὲν πρῶτον διεμέτρεον, αὐτὰρ ἔπειτα §3.316κλήρους ἐν κυνέῃ χαλκήρεϊ πάλλον ἑλόντες, §3.317ὁππότερος δὴ πρόσθεν ἀφείη χάλκεον ἔγχος.
But Hector, son of Priam, and noble Odysseus first measured out the space, and then shook the lots in a bronze-clad helmet, to see which of the two indeed should first cast his bronze spear.
§3.318λαοὶ δʼ ἠρήσαντο, θεοῖσι δὲ χεῖρας ἀνέσχον, §3.319ὧδε δέ τις εἴπεσκεν Ἀχαιῶν τε Τρώων τε· §3.320Ζεῦ πάτερ Ἴδηθεν μεδέων κύδιστε μέγιστε §3.321ὁππότερος τάδε ἔργα μετʼ ἀμφοτέροισιν ἔθηκε, §3.322τὸν δὸς ἀποφθίμενον δῦναι δόμον Ἄϊδος εἴσω, §3.323ἡμῖν δʼ αὖ φιλότητα καὶ ὅρκια πιστὰ γενέσθαι. §3.324ὣς ἄρʼ ἔφαν, πάλλεν δὲ μέγας κορυθαίολος Ἕκτωρ §3.325ἂψ ὁρόων· Πάριος δὲ θοῶς ἐκ κλῆρος ὄρουσεν.
And the people prayed, and lifted up their hands to the gods, and thus would one of the Achaeans and Trojans say: "Father Zeus, ruling from Ida, most glorious, most great, whichever of the two brought these troubles between both sides, grant that he may perish and go down into the house of Hades, but that friendship and trustworthy oaths may be established for us." So they spoke, and great Hector of the flashing helm shook the lots, looking backward; and quickly the lot of Paris leapt out.
§3.326οἳ μὲν ἔπειθʼ ἵζοντο κατὰ στίχας, ἧχι ἑκάστῳ §3.327ἵπποι ἀερσίποδες καὶ ποικίλα τεύχεʼ ἔκειτο·
Then they sat down in their ranks, where for each swift-footed horses and patterned armor lay.
§3.328αὐτὰρ ὅ γʼ ἀμφʼ ὤμοισιν ἐδύσετο τεύχεα καλὰ §3.329δῖος Ἀλέξανδρος Ἑλένης πόσις ἠϋκόμοιο.
But he put on his shoulders his beautiful armor, noble Alexander, husband of fair-haired Helen.
§3.330κνημῖδας μὲν πρῶτα περὶ κνήμῃσιν ἔθηκε
First he placed the greaves around his shins,

Notes

  1. §3.272ἄωρτο — Third-person singular pluperfect middle/passive of the verb ἀείρω (to lift, hang), without augment. Although pluperfect in form, it expresses a continuing state in the past ('was suspended/hung' beside the scabbard).
  2. §3.279τίνυσθον — Third-person dual present indicative of the verb τίνυμαι (to punish, avenge), agreeing with the relative pronoun οἵ. It refers to a pair of underworld deities, traditionally understood as Hades and Persephone (or the Erinyes).
  3. §3.285ἀποδοῦναι — Aorist infinitive of the verb ἀποδίδωμι. It functions here with the force of an imperative (imperative infinitive), with the accusative Τρῶας (the Trojans) acting as its subject. The following infinitive ἀποτινέμεν also shares this construction.
  4. §3.299πημήνειαν — Third-person plural aorist optative of the verb πημαίνω (to harm, violate), with the Aeolic ending -ειαν common in Homer. It is used in a relative clause expressing a future hypothetical or potential condition ('whichever side might first violate the oaths').
  5. §3.321ὁππότερος — Relative pronoun, here accompanied by the aorist indicative ἔθηκε, in contrast to the future-oriented optative in line 3.299. The indicative indicates a past historical reality ('whichever of the two actually brought these troubles'), identifying the specific historical culprit.

Cite this passage

Homer, Iliad §3.264-3.330. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:3.264-3.330

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