§11καὶ ταῦτʼ εἰκότως καὶ ποιοῦμεν καὶ πάσχομεν· οὐδὲν γὰρ οἷόν τε γίγνεσθαι κατὰ τρόπον τοῖς μὴ καλῶς περὶ ὅλης τῆς διοικήσεως βεβουλευμένοις, ἀλλʼ ἐὰν καὶ κατορθώσωσι περί τινας τῶν πράξεων ἢ διὰ τύχην ἢ διʼ ἀνδρὸς ἀρετήν, μικρὸν διαλιπόντες πάλιν εἰς τὰς αὐτὰς ἀπορίας κατέστησαν.
And it is natural that we both act and suffer in this way; for nothing can go aright for those who have not taken counsel well concerning their entire administration, but even if they succeed in some of their actions either through fortune or through the virtue of some man, after a short interval they find themselves in the same difficulties again.
καὶ ταῦτα γνοίη τις ἂν ἐκ τῶν περὶ ἡμᾶς γεγενημένων· §12ἁπάσης γὰρ τῆς Ἑλλάδος ὑπὸ τὴν πόλιν ἡμῶν ὑποπεσούσης καὶ μετὰ τὴν Κόνωνος ναυμαχίαν καὶ μετὰ τὴν Τιμοθέου στρατηγίαν, οὐδένα χρόνον τὰς εὐτυχίας κατασχεῖν ἠδυνήθημεν, ἀλλὰ ταχέως διεσκαριφησάμεθα καὶ διελύσαμεν αὐτάς.
And anyone might recognize this from what has happened to us. For when the whole of Greece had fallen under our city's power, both after the naval battle of Conon and after the generalship of Timotheus, we were unable to retain our good fortune for any length of time, but quickly brought it to naught and dissolved it.
πολιτείαν γὰρ τὴν ὀρθῶς ἂν τοῖς πράγμασι χρησαμένην οὔτʼ ἔχομεν οὔτε καλῶς ζητοῦμεν. §13καίτοι τὰς εὐπραγίας ἅπαντες ἴσμεν καὶ παραγιγνομένας καὶ παραμενούσας οὐ τοῖς τὰ τείχη κάλλιστα καὶ μέγιστα περιβεβλημένοις, οὐδὲ τοῖς μετὰ πλείστων ἀνθρώπων εἰς τὸν αὐτὸν τόπον συνηθροισμένοις, ἀλλὰ τοῖς ἄριστα καὶ σωφρονέστατα τὴν αὑτῶν πόλιν διοικοῦσιν. §14ἔστι γὰρ ψυχὴ πόλεως οὐδὲν ἔτερον ἢ πολιτεία, τοσαύτην ἔχουσα δύναμιν ὅσην περ ἐν σώματι φρόνησις.
For we neither possess nor rightly seek a constitution that would handle affairs correctly. And yet, we all know that prosperity comes and remains, not with those who have surrounded themselves with the finest and largest walls, nor with those who have gathered in the same place with the greatest number of men, but with those who administer their own city in the best and most temperate manner. For the soul of a city is nothing other than its constitution, having as much power as intellect does in a body.
αὕτη γάρ ἐστιν ἡ βουλευομένη περὶ ἁπάντων, καὶ τὰ μὲν ἀγαθὰ διαφυλάττουσα, τὰς δὲ συμφορὰς διαφεύγουσα.
For this is what deliberates on all matters, both preserving advantages and escaping misfortunes.
ταύτῃ καὶ τοὺς νόμους καὶ τοὺς ῥήτορας καὶ τοὺς ἰδιώτας ἀναγκαῖόν ἐστιν ὁμοιοῦσθαι, καὶ πράττειν οὕτως ἑκάστους οἵαν περ ἂν ταύτην ἔχωσιν. §15ἧς ἡμεῖς διεφθαρμένης οὐδὲν φροντίζομεν, οὐδὲ σκοποῦμεν ὅπως ἐπανορθώσομεν αὐτήν· ἀλλʼ ἐπὶ μὲν τῶν ἐργαστηρίων καθίζοντες κατηγοροῦμεν τῶν καθεστώτων, καὶ λέγομεν ὡς οὐδέποτʼ ἐν δημοκρατίᾳ κάκιον ἐπολιτεύθημεν, ἐν δὲ τοῖς πράγμασι καὶ ταῖς διανοίαις αἷς ἔχομεν μᾶλλον αὐτὴν ἀγαπῶμεν τῆς ὑπὸ τῶν προγόνων καταλειφθείσης.
To this, both the laws, the orators, and private citizens must conform, and each must act in accordance with whatever kind of constitution they possess. Although this constitution has been corrupted, we care nothing for it, nor do we consider how we might restore it; instead, sitting in our workshops, we denounce the established order, saying that never under a democracy have we been worse governed, yet in our actions and the thoughts we hold, we cherish this present constitution more than the one left behind by our ancestors.
ὑπὲρ ἧς ἐγὼ καὶ τοὺς λόγους μέλλω ποιεῖσθαι καὶ τὴν πρόσοδον ἀπεγραψάμην. §16εὑρίσκω γὰρ ταύτην μόνην ἂν γενομένην καὶ τῶν μελλόντων κινδύνων ἀποτροπὴν καὶ τῶν παρόντων κακῶν ἀπαλλαγήν, ἢν ἐθελήσωμεν ἐκείνην τὴν δημοκρατίαν ἀναλαβεῖν, ἢν Σόλων μὲν ὁ δημοτικώτατος γενόμενος ἐνομοθέτησε, Κλεισθένης δὲ ὁ τοὺς τυράννους ἐκβαλὼν καὶ τὸν δῆμον καταγαγὼν πάλιν ἐξ ἀρχῆς κατέστησεν. §17ἧς οὐκ ἂν εὕροιμεν οὔτε δημοτικωτέραν οὔτε τῇ πόλει μᾶλλον συμφέρουσαν.
It is on behalf of this ancestral constitution that I am about to deliver my speech and have registered my request to speak. For I find that this alone could become both a turning away of future dangers and a deliverance from present evils, if we should be willing to recover that democracy which Solon, who proved to be the most devoted to the people, established by law, and which Cleisthenes, having expelled the tyrants and brought back the people, set up again from its foundations. We could find no constitution more democratic than that, nor more advantageous to the city.
τεκμήριον δὲ μέγιστον· οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἐκείνῃ χρώμενοι, πολλὰ καὶ καλὰ διαπραξάμενοι καὶ παρὰ πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις εὐδοκιμήσαντες, παρʼ ἑκόντων τῶν Ἑλλήνων τὴν ἡγεμονίαν ἔλαβον, οἱ δὲ τῆς νῦν παρούσης ἐπιθυμήσαντες, ὑπὸ πάντων μισηθέντες καὶ πολλὰ καὶ δεινὰ παθόντες, μικρὸν ἀπέλιπον τοῦ μὴ ταῖς ἐσχάταις συμφοραῖς περιπεσεῖν. §18καίτοι πῶς χρὴ ταύτην τὴν πολιτείαν ἐπαινεῖν ἢ στέργειν τὴν τοσούτων μὲν κακῶν αἰτίαν πρότερον γενομένην, νῦν δὲ καθʼ ἕκαστον τὸν ἐνιαυτὸν ἐπὶ τὸ χεῖρον φερομένην;
And here is the greatest proof: those who employed it, having achieved many noble deeds and won renown among all mankind, received the leadership from the Greeks with their willing consent; whereas those who lusted after the present one, being hated by all and suffering many terrible hardships, came within a hair's breadth of falling into the ultimate calamities. And yet, how can one praise or cherish this constitution, which was previously the cause of so many evils, and is now degenerating for the worse with each passing year?
πῶς δʼ οὐ χρὴ δεδιέναι μὴ τοιαύτης ἐπιδόσεως γιγνομένης τελευτῶντες εἰς τραχύτερα πράγματα τῶν τότε γενομένων ἐξοκείλωμεν; §19ἵνα δὲ μὴ συλλήβδην μόνον ἀκηκοότες, ἀλλʼ ἀκριβῶς εἰδότες ποιῆσθε καὶ τὴν αἵρεσιν καὶ τὴν κρίσιν αὐτῶν, ὑμέτερον μὲν ἔργον ἐστὶ παρασχεῖν ὑμᾶς αὐτοὺς προσέχοντας τὸν νοῦν τοῖς ὑπʼ ἐμοῦ λεγομένοις, ἐγὼ δʼ ὡς ἂν δύνωμαι συντομώτατα περὶ ἀμφοτέρων τούτων πειράσομαι διελθεῖν πρὸς ὑμᾶς. §20οἱ γὰρ κατʼ ἐκεῖνον τὸν χρόνον τὴν πόλιν διοικοῦντες κατεστήσαντο πολιτείαν οὐκ ὀνόματι μὲν τῷ κοινοτάτῳ καὶ πραοτάτῳ προσαγορευομένην, ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν πράξεων οὐ τοιαύτην τοῖς ἐντυγχάνουσι φαινομένην, οὐδʼ ἣ τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον ἐπαίδευε τοὺς πολίτας ὥσθʼ ἡγεῖσθαι τὴν μὲν ἀκολασίαν δημοκρατίαν, τὴν δὲ παρανομίαν ἐλευθερίαν, τὴν δὲ παρρησίαν ἰσονομίαν, τὴν δʼ ἐξουσίαν τοῦ πάντα ποιεῖν εὐδαιμονίαν, ἀλλὰ μισοῦσα καὶ κολάζουσα τοὺς τοιούτους βελτίους καὶ σωφρονεστέρους ἅπαντας τοὺς πολίτας ἐποίησεν.
And how can one help but fear lest, with such deterioration taking place, we should end up running aground on even harsher situations than those of former times? But so that you may make your choice and judgment of them not merely from hearing a summary, but with accurate knowledge, it is your task to show yourselves attentive to what is said by me, while I, as briefly as I can, will try to discuss both of these constitutions before you. For those who administered the city at that time established a constitution which was not one called by the most common and mildest name while appearing otherwise in practice to those who encountered it, nor one which trained the citizens in such a manner as to regard self-indulgence as democracy, lawlessness as liberty, insolence of speech as equality before the law, and the license to do anything as happiness, but rather, by hating and punishing such men, it made all the citizens better and more temperate.