§15τὰ δὲ κάτω τῶν μεγάλων ποταμῶν οὐ πήγνυται κατὰ λόγον.
The lower parts of great rivers do not freeze, which is reasonable.
τὰ γὰρ ἄνω παγέντα τὴν ἀναθυμίασιν οὐ διίησιν, ἀλλʼ ἐγκαθειργνυμένη καὶ ἀποστρεφομένη θερμότητα παρέχει τοῖς διὰ βάθους ὑγροῖς· ἀπόδειξις δὲ τούτου τὸ λυομένου τοῦ πάγου πάλιν ἀτμὸν πολὺν ἐκ τῶν ὑγρῶν ἀναφέρεσθαι;
For the parts frozen above do not let the steam through, but being pent in and turned back, it provides heat to the liquids in the depths; and proof of this is that when the ice is dissolved, much steam is again carried up from the liquids.
διὸ καὶ τὰ τῶν ζῴων σώματα χειμῶνός ἐστι θερμότερα τῷ συνέχειν τὸ θερμὸν ἐν ἑαυτοῖς ὑπὸ τῆς ἔξωθεν ψυχρότητος εἴσω συνελαυνόμενον.
Therefore, the bodies of animals are also warmer in winter, because they keep the heat within themselves, driven inward by the cold from without.
αἱ δʼ ἀναρύσεις καὶ μετεωρίσεις οὐ μόνον τὸ θερμὸν ἐξαιροῦσι τῶν ὑδάτων ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ ψυχρόν· ὅθεν ἥκιστα τὰς χιόνας καὶ τὸ συνθλιβόμενον ὑγρὸν ἀπʼ αὐτῶν οἱ σφόδρα ψυχροῦ δεόμενοι κινοῦσιν· ἐκστατικὸν γὰρ ἀμφοῖν ἡ κίνησις.
But the drawings and liftings up of water take away not only the heat but also the cold from the waters; whence those who have extreme need of cold least of all disturb the snows and the liquid squeezed from them, for motion is destructive of both states.
ὅτι δʼ οὐκ ἀέρος ἐστὶν ἀλλʼ ὕδατος ἡ τοιαύτη δύναμις, οὕτως ἄν τις ἐξ ὑπαρχῆς ἐπέλθοι.
But that such a power belongs not to air but to water, one might proceed to examine from the first principles in this way.
πρῶτον μὲν οὐκ εἰκός ἐστιν ἀέρα, τῷ αἰθέρι γειτνιῶντα καὶ ψαύοντα τῆς περιφορᾶς καὶ ψαυόμενον οὐσίας πυρώδους, τὴν ἐναντίαν ἔχειν δύναμιν οὔτε γὰρ ἄλλως δυνατὸν ἁπτόμενα καὶ συνεχῆ τοῖς πέρασιν ὄντα δύο σώματα μὴ πάσχειν ὑπʼ ἀλλήλων, εἰ δὲ πάσχειν, μὴ ἀναπίμπλασθαι τῆς τοῦ κρείττονος δυνάμεως τὸ ἧττον οὔτε τὴν φύσιν ἔχει λόγον ἐφεξῆς τῷ φθείροντι τάξαι τὸ φθειρόμενον, ὥσπερ οὐ κοινωνίας οὖσαν οὐδʼ ἁρμονίας ἀλλὰ πολέμου καὶ μάχης δημιουργόν.
First, it is not likely that air, bordering on the aether and touching the celestial revolution, and being touched by a fiery substance, should have the opposite power; for neither is it otherwise possible that two bodies in contact and continuous at their limits should not be affected by each other, and if they are affected, that the lesser should not be filled with the power of the stronger; nor does it stand to reason that nature should place the destroyed next to the destroyer, as if she were the creator not of community and harmony but of war and battle.
χρῆται μὲν γὰρ ἐναντίοις εἰς τὰ ὅλα πράγμασι χρῆται δʼ οὐκ ἀκράτοις οὐδʼ ἀντιτύποις, ἀλλʼ ἐναλλάξ τινα θέσιν καὶ τάξιν οὐκ ἀναιρετικὴν ἀλλὰ κοινωνικὴν διʼ ἑτέρων καὶ συνεργὸν ἐν μέσῳ παρεμπλεκομένην ἔχουσι καὶ ταύτην εἴληφεν ὁ ἀήρ, ὑποκεχυμένος τῷ πυρὶ πρὸ τοῦ ὕδατος καὶ διαδιδοὺς; ἐπʼ ἀμφότερα καὶ συνάγων, οὔτε θερμὸς ὢν αὐτὸς οὔτε ψυχρὸς ἀλλὰ ψυχροῦ καὶ θερμοῦ μετακέρασμα καὶ κοινώνημα; μιγνυμένων ἐν αὐτῷ μῖξιν ἀβλαβῆ καὶ μαλακῶς ἀνιεῖσαν καὶ δεχομένην τὰς ἐναντίας ἀκρότητας.
For she uses opposites for the universe, but she uses them not unmixed or resistant, but having an alternating position and order that is not destructive but communicative, with another cooperating substance interposed in the middle; and this position the air has received, spread under the fire before the water, and distributing to both and bringing them together, being itself neither hot nor cold, but a temperate mixture and common ground of cold and hot, with their opposite extremes mixing in it in a harmless way, gently relaxing and receiving them.
§16ἔπειτα πανταχοῦ μέν ἐστιν ἀὴρ ἴσος, οὐ πανταχοῦ δὲ χειμὼν ὅμοιος οὐδὲ ψῦχος.
Next, air is equal everywhere, but winter and cold are not alike everywhere.
ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μὲν τὰ μέρη ψυχρὰ καὶ κάθυγρα, ταῦτα δὲ ξηρὰ καὶ θερμὰ τῆς οἰκουμένης οὐ κατὰ τύχην, ἀλλὰ τῷ μίαν οὐσίαν ψυχρότητος καὶ ὑγρότητος εἶναι.
Rather, these parts of the inhabited world are cold and very wet, and those are dry and hot, not by chance, but because coldness and moisture are of one substance.
Λιβύης μὲν γὰρ ἔνθερμος πολλὴ καὶ ἄνυδρος, Σκυθίαν δὲ καὶ Θρᾴκην καὶ Πόντον οἱ πεπλανημένοι λίμνας τε μεγάλας ἔχειν καὶ ποταμοῖς διαρρεῖσθαι βαθέσι καὶ πολλοῖς ἱστοροῦσιν αὐτῶν τε τῶν ἐν μέσῳ τόπων τὰ παράλιμνα καὶ ἑλώδη ψῦχος ἔχει μάλιστα διὰ τὰς ἀπὸ τῶν ὑγρῶν ἀναθυμιάσεις Ποσειδώνιος δὲ τῆς ψυχρότητος αἰτίαν εἰπὼν τὸ πρόσφατον εἶναι τὸν ἕλειον ἀέρα καὶ νοτερὸν οὐκ ἔλυσε τὸ πιθανόν, ἀλλὰ πιθανώτερον ἐποίησεν οὐ γὰρ ἂν ἐφαίνετο τοῦ ἀέρος ὁ πρόσφατος ἀεὶ ψυχρότερος, εἰ μὴ τὸ ψυχρὸν ἐν τοῖς.
For much of Libya is very hot and dry, while those who have traveled report that Scythia, Thrace, and Pontus have great lakes and are intersected by deep and numerous rivers; and of the intermediate places, those near lakes and marshes suffer the most cold because of the vapours from the liquids.
ὑγροῖς τὴν γένεσιν εἶχε.
And Posidonius, by saying that the cause of the coldness is that the marshy and moist air is fresh, did not destroy the probability, but made it more probable; for the fresh air would not always appear colder than the other air if the cold did not have its origin in the liquids.
βέλτιον οὖν Ὅμηρος εἰπὼν
"
αὔρη δʼ ἐκ ποταμοῦ ψυχρὴ πνέει ἠῶθι πρό,
"
τὴν πηγὴν τῆς ψυχρότητος ἔδειξεν.
Better therefore was Homer, who by saying 'And a cold breeze blows from the river before the dawn,' showed the source of the coldness.
ἔτι τοίνυν ἡ μὲν αἴσθησις πολλάκις ἡμᾶς ἐξαπατᾷ, ὅταν ἱματίων ἢ ἐρίων ψυχρῶν θιγγάνωμεν, οἰομένους ὑγρῶν θιγγάνειν διὰ τὸ κοινὴν ἀμφοτέροις οὐσίαν ὑπάρχειν καὶ τὰς φύσεις σύνεγγυς εἶναι καὶ οἰκείας.
Furthermore, our senses often deceive us when we touch cold garments or wool, thinking we touch wet things, because there is a common substance in both and their natures are near and akin.
ἐν δὲ τοῖς δυσχειμέροις κλίμασι πολλὰ ῥηγνύει τὸ ψῦχος ἀγγεῖα καὶ χαλκᾶ καὶ κεραμεᾶ· κενὸν δʼ οὐδὲν ἀλλὰ πάντα πλήρη, βιαζομένου τῇ ψυχρότητι τοῦ ὕδατος.
And in severe winter climates, the cold bursts many vessels, both of bronze and of clay; none of them are empty, but all are full, the water forcing its way by the cold.
καίτοι φησὶ Θεόφραστος τὸν ἀέρα ῥηγνύειν τὰ ἀγγεῖα τῷ ὑγρῷ καθάπερ ἥλῳ χρώμενον· ὅρα δὲ μὴ τοῦτο κομψῶς μᾶλλον ἢ ἀληθῶς εἰρημένον ἐστίν· ἔδει γὰρ τὰ πίττης γέμοντα μᾶλλον ῥήγνυσθαι ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀέρος καὶ τὰ γάλακτος. .
And yet Theophrastus says that the air bursts the vessels, using the moisture like a nail; but consider whether this has not been said more ingeniously than truly; for those full of pitch or milk should rather be burst by the air.
ἀλλʼ ἔοικε τὸ ὕδωρ ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ ψυχρὸν εἶναι καὶ πρώτως· ἀντίκειται γὰρ τῇ ψυχρότητι πρὸς τὴν θερμότητα τοῦ πυρός, ὥσπερ τῇ ὑγρότητι πρὸς τὴν ξηρότητα καὶ τῇ βαρύτητι πρὸς τὴν κουφότητα.
But it seems that water is cold of itself and primarily; for its coldness is opposed to the heat of fire, just as its moisture is opposed to dryness and its heaviness to lightness.
καὶ ὅλως τὸ μὲν πῦρ διαστατικόν ἐστι· καὶ διαιρετικόν, τὸ δʼ ὕδωρ κολλητικὸν καὶ σχετικόν, τῇ ὑγρότητι συνέχον καὶ πῆττον· ᾗ καὶ παρέσχεν Ἐμπεδοκλῆς ὑπόνοιαν, ὡς τὸ μὲν πῦρ
νεῖκος οὐλόμενον
σχεδύνην
δὲ
φιλότητα
τὸ ὑγρὸν ἑκάστοτε προσαγορεύων ἐπεὶ, τροφὴ μὲν· πυρὸς τὸ μεταβάλλον εἰς πῦρ, μεταβάλλει δὲ τὸ συγγενὲς; καὶ οἰκεῖον, τὸ δʼ ἐναντίον δυσμετάβλητον, ὡς τὸ ὕδωρ καὶ αὐτὸ μὲν ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν ἄκαυστόν ἐστιν, ὕλην δὲ καὶ πόαν νοτερὰν καὶ ξύλα βεβρεγμένα δυσκαῆ παρέχει, καὶ φλόγα ζοφερὰν καὶ ἀμβλεῖαν ὑπὸ χλωρότητος ἀναδίδωσι τῷ ψυχρῷ μαχόμενον πρὸς τὸ θερμὸν ὡς φύσει πολέμιον.
And in general, fire is dissipative and divisive, while water is cohesive and retentive, holding together and freezing by its moisture; in which way Empedocles also gave cause for suspicion, by calling fire 'destructive Strife' and the liquid 'binding Love' on each occasion; since the nourishment of fire is that which changes into fire, and that which is akin and congenial changes, while the opposite is difficult to change, as water, which itself is, so to speak, incombustible, and makes moist fuel, green grass, and wet wood difficult to burn, and sends up a dark and dull flame because of its greenness, fighting with its cold against the heat as against a natural enemy.